CASE 487 - The plan-demic of 2020

Is it even a real virus and where did it come from.?

This particular betacoronavirus Sars-CoV2 was naturally derived within or around a number of cave systems near Wuhan, China. It had laid dormant then passed on from a host bat reservoir to pangolins around the wet markets that trade in many species of animals. Then passed onto humans between 30 to 10 years ago, the misconception by many people is that a human ate a bat. The evolution of the virus was closely studied and $millions invested for over 23 years around caves by Darpa, USAID, French, Chinese, Canadian, British, American scientists and many corporations. The Sars-Cov2 is a partially synthetic enveloped, single-strand genomic, positive-sense RNA with Intracellular and extracellular proteases, an analogous receptor-BD-structure, a Polybasic furin cleavage at the site PRRA, contagious HIV1 and HIV2 which bind over 1000 times stronger than the sars virus, 6 SIV retroviruses, 16 exogenous informative elements and 12 peptides added through many processes such as gain of function RNA-guided DNA insertion with CRISPR-associated transposase, that no other betacoronavirus have been proven to contain. It has been forced to adapt and overcome human immune responses over a number of studies and years, you don’t get that by artificially growing a virus in the presence of isolated cells which rules out a lab created virus as well as its distinct polybasic furin backbone rules out purposely creating a bioweapon from scratch, but it was modified within a controlled natural environment over many years. With the lockdowns bringing many unhealthy life practises, this helped slow the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood of many people making it a perfect host for the spiked proteins of the SARS-COV2 to enter any human ACE2, CD147 and/or proteolytically activated by TMPRSS2 in vitro and in vivo, and the messenger RNA expression level of TMPRSS2 in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells is 10-fold higher than in normal human lung tissue and other human cell lines making it bind faster to the S1 domain and is endocytosed into cells through clathrin-mediated membrane fusion, then interacts and infects the ribosome and messenger RNA in the host cell. It has a high percentage divergence threshold spillover potential between species, has a strong global human hosts adaptation strategy and the TMPRSS2 is likely to be a key protease for a faster and easily adapted Sars-CoV2 replication of new virals.

This ongoing research and conclusion of the Sars-CoV2 outbreak was started on March 23rd 2020

“It was naturally derived, studied for 25 and synthetically modified along the line with crispr9 to build a mass pharmaceutical machine of vaccines built on propaganda and lies” - Age Case Docs Jun 23rd 2020



How did China and the World health organization respond.?

Many accounts show the CCP did try to hide the situation for 4 to 6 months then downplayed it the World health organization

After 4 decades of negligent practice of wet markets and farms the Chinese created the illusion they did a great job stopping the virus

Evidence shows the World health organization gave out questionable and confusing information downplaying the situation further, then created a campaign against racism and stigma whilst further praising China for their transparency throughout the outbreak



How did the world's governments respond.?

Many authoritarian implementations and new laws have been put into place under the guise of public health and safety

All of the governments and big corporations still allowed to be open vowed to implement all WHO social distancing and lockdown guidelines which were all based on Kurt Lewin’s models, who was an ex-Nazi scientist who pioneered the field of social, organizational, and applied psychology which has been condemned and disproved as harmful by many doctors, scientists and professionals

The government set up a furlough plans to protect employed people for 3 months so they can stay at home and stop the virus spread

The PM missed many early important meetings, reacted to the problem very slowly and without urgency or transparency

How did health departments, epidemiologists, scientists, hospitals and morgues respond

The Imperial College London which received £80 million from the Gates foundation, Led by Dr Ferguson used the “flawed” SIR epidemiology models which are mathematical models based on 100% of the population getting the disease, when only 0.006% of the world's population or 0.6% of the UK population did, only 3600 people under the age of 60 have died in the whole world from the virus

All usual operations and treatments were canceled to stop hospitals overflowing but remained empty the whole time at huge costs

All breathing-related deaths were assumed and marked down as Covid19 death and no autopsy’s happened on any of the victims



How did the banks and corporations respond.?

The central banks, corporations, and governments purposely overestimated the amount needed which was £700 billion in 3 months

Many huge corporations, banks, and people will exploit voids left by all the small businesses shutting down due to the pandemic

Many people through the corporate ad’s flocked to buy pharmaceuticals, cleaning products, toiletries, and non-perishable foods

Could the world's governments prevented the virus earlier and/or more effectively.?

Absolutely, too much evidence, accounts, information, and satellite imaging is proof they all could have easily. You only have to look at Taiwan who closed all borders within 48 hours, announced of the dangers on live TV and in the end only had a total of 7 deaths

No warnings, plans of action to try to prevent, no healthy eating tips, no information on what the virus is and no closing of borders

How did the media and social media websites respond.?

More confusing information, an explosion of conspiracy theories and false news hit the social media and mainstream media sites

Then a huge crackdown on all outlets of information happened, accounts and videos deleted and an official narrative was implemented

The media has proceeded to create lots of fear, more wrong or conflicting information on one day then totally the opposite one another

A massive divide of those who believe and those who do not believe anything the media says becomes even more polarizing

How did the people and communities respond.?

After the media divide, many polarizing arguments occurred amongst family and friends over sources of information and those who believe in the official narrative and those who don't which has caused yet more divide into many communities across the world

Those who believe in the official narrative fell into the line of virtue signaling practices such as clapping for the NHS or painting rainbows

Those who do not try to spread transparent information, some conspiracy, but some very true. These people are ostracized

The science

It derived naturally from bats to pangolins in the Wuhan area, has been around for a long but unknown time and was caused through 32 Years of neglectful, imprudent top-down authoritarian government and their wildlife protection law of 1987 allowing for poor standards and the mixing, sale of fish, insects, farm and wild animals altogether, eventually put the world's health standards and trade in a dire situation. I suspect it has been around for a long time having found epidemiological and Serological evidence linking SARS-coV2 to a certain area of China and certain horseshoe bats. There has also been many polymerase chain reaction tests, antibody tests of blood samples, the virus’s ability to infect human lung cells in a petri dish and researchers have published more than 5000 full genomic sequence tests of the virus showing that samples around the world appear to “share a common ancestor,” There is also evidence of thousands of other different types of coronaviruses. Current diagnostic tests, which rely on the amplification of viral gene sequences by PCR or on the detection of viral proteins as well as genetic (RNA) material, can also be found in exosomes toxin-combating mechanisms that are produced naturally in all of our bodies in response to a lot of different stimuli, including illness, injury and stress induced by fear, so they are testing for the RNA sequence not the virus as the RT-PCR of COVID 19 has never tested against the gold standard. Not long after the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak began, scientists were saying that they discovered that the viral "spike" protein which has a functional polybasic (furin) cleavage site at the S1–S2 boundary through the insertion of 12 nucleotides led to the predicted acquisition of three O-linked glycans around the site binds to a receptor on human cells known as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Another human protein, an enzyme called TMPRSS2 helps to activate the coronavirus spike protein, to allow for cell entry via Ribosome which uses genetic information from the virus to make viral proteins. The combined binding and activation allow the virus to get into host cells. So it is environmental contamination as the route of transmission. The coronavirus measures around 125 nanometers and consists of 30 genes (humans have 20,000) and can be seen under an electron microscope. Both COVID-19 and the flu (influenza) can cause pneumonia, and ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome.

The outbreak

The illusion created by a false trail of information even fooled me at first that from the reaction of the Chinese it was purposely done by the Chinese communist party. Although the way in which China and the world health organization, all the health advisors for all the governments, the major corporations and those with any form of the authority concerned with healthcare really helped construct the illusion that they had made really poor decisions at the most vital times which created an incredible effect of the need to and justification of, to close all public areas fast, create a pandemic and halt the economy practically placing it into a command economy, whilst leaving the borders open which allowed thousands of people to enter daily by which time, a world pandemic had still not been declared and health recommendations from individual countries such as the HCID in the UK didn’t consider COVID 19 to be a high consequence infectious disease adding to the sense of nonurgency. The death stats throughout were being manipulated and artificially biased upwards to the extent of being declared a pandemic and to the extent that anyone expiring from any lung-related condition is being counted as having died from the effect of COVID 19 so “most” not “all” people around the world are dying “with” not “of” the virus, whilst also correlating and possibly adding usual annual death rates and there are also many people dying as a result of not getting the treatment for the diseases they usually receive from the health care system as all effort is being placed on tackling the pandemic and which will have many knock-on effects for years to come with illness, mental health, financial and physically which is negligence and/or obviously planned.

The pandemic

The world leaders who were embroiled in their own affairs portrayed a tone of naivety whilst holding the belief the situation was under the control of the world health organization and China. They poorly reacted slowly to the situation sparking food panic buying and fear amongst the people of the world, whilst some leaders profited during the pandemic. Outlandish Fake news, comedy memes, propaganda, and lies were purposely spread and allowed amongst the mainstream social media to help “discredit any future” nonmainstream media news and forge nonsense of urgency or need for action amongst the worlds people until Mid March, which moved into purging and deleting anything on the internet, not from the mainstream media. It then became a massive add campaign filtered through the pushing of fake science and fake information that is pushed everywhere that claims to be a recurring mutating virus which could lead to an infinite revenue stream. It seems that the UK, US, and other governments purposely delayed action for 3 months, overestimated costs, and issued authoritarian laws that could remain for some time and even some aspects remain permanent, such as the Coronavirus bill. Everything shut down, destroying some small business, people on low wages, and those relying on cash payments, also prompting a detest for non-digital money. Then the governments moved towards borrowing, issuing and contracting the very maximum amount of money from the central banks with a hint that modern monetary theory will save the economy but like all previous quantitative easing the liquidity never actually makes it into the real economy but rather just sits on the asset sheets of the big financial corporations being bailed out. They improved hospitals and even built new temporary hospitals at huge costs, but all across the country there will be hundreds of empty beds and just a small few patients taking them, with example’s such as the Excell London with 4000 beds which only treated 41 patients whilst the government is paying the private sector £3.4 million per day just on empty beds, deliveries of PPE and other protective clothing missed or not delivered causing more problems down the line. The media is constantly flooded with virtue-signaling practices, people looking to political point score using community and emotionally tied institutions such as the NHS as their weapon, old political grievances and ways to exploit those they don't like being amongst many tactics used to discredit anyone against their political views. Social distancing, ban on group gatherings, or being around people and leaving your home apart from essentials for an unknown amount of time is gradually implemented until Epidemiologists can start testing everyone. The cartel of Pharmaceutical, energy, food, and cleaning product corporations were always ready to generate £billions in revenue even if the people were not. A global governance network is rapidly becoming a reality facilitated and set up by the world economic forum where automation is replacing human jobs, digital then cryptocurrency replacing fiat money, using more artificial intelligence, less freedom of speech, transparency or local political action as everything is being globalized and it's all being hidden under the global action plan to fight Covid19.

Conclusion

Its private sector tyranny helped by those in government, where an accident which was mishandled turned into a campaign and/or was pre-planned to scare enough people in the world to push for a vaccine for all humans and not just once, annually. The Event 201 was the “Soft test”, what we are experiencing right now is the “Beta test” and when medicines or a vaccine is available that will become the “Final Phase” of the campaign to generate £billions for a select few corporations. It's also the time when all humans will be added to a biological database receive immunity passports based on health status, receive personalized drugs instead of generic for all drugs and it will all be hosted via the blockchain accessed by mobile phones. Which has all been set up, planned, and controlled by the major corporations who will be generating £Billions in revenue from this event.

Some great video's and links

10 Bonus links you should have a look into

RESEARCH: Facts about covid-19 - Swiss policy research - https://62058f2a-6abe-467d-8520-cdd1ccfa515b.filesusr.com/ugd/29a25e_055b73b6c8d6457cb75ff9dde038e8ea.pdf
RESEARCH: Age case conclusion - https://www.docdroid.net/uIi0TBK/age-case-report-pdf
RESEARCH: June Almeida discovered coronaviruses https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/04/june-almeida-discovered-coronaviruses-decades-ago-little-recognition/
RESEARCH: All the money that exists in the world - https://www.marketwatch.com/story/this-is-how-much-money-exists-in-the-entire-world-in-one-chart-2015-12-18
VIDEO: 1 minute of truth - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_YolgF5nU4
VIDEO: 2 minutes of truth - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YheJmT5JJp8
VIDEO: AI singualarity - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSY4gtF_ZIU
SCIENCE: Germ theory - http://alternativeprinciplesforhealth.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Exposing-the-Myth-of-the-GERM-THEORY.pdf
SCIENCE: NIH 2005 study of chloroquine - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1232869/
SCIENCE: Immune response to Sars-Cov2 - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01441/full

CASE 486 - The road to the new world order (part 2)

The common theme about a New World Order is that a secretive power elite with a globalist agenda is conspiring to eventually rule the world through an authoritarian world government—which will replace sovereign nation-states—and an all-encompassing propaganda whose ideology hails the establishment of the New World Order as the culmination of history's progress. Many influential historical and contemporary figures have therefore been purported to be part of a cabal that operates through many front organizations to orchestrate significant political and financial events, ranging from causing systemic crises to pushing through controversial policies, at both national and international levels, as steps in an ongoing plot to achieve world domination. Before the early 1990s, New World Order conspiracism was limited to two American countercultures, primarily the militantly anti-government right and secondarily that part of fundamentalist Christianity concerned with the end-time emergence of the Antichrist. Skeptics such as Michael Barkun and Chip Berlet observed that right-wing populist conspiracy theories about a New World Order had not only been embraced by many seekers of stigmatized knowledge but had seeped into popular culture, thereby inaugurating a period during the late 20th and early 21st centuries in the United States where people are actively preparing for apocalyptic millenarian scenarios. Those political scientists are concerned that mass hysteria over New World Order conspiracy theories could eventually have devastating effects on American political life, ranging from escalating lone-wolf terrorism to the rise to power of authoritarian ultranationalist demagogues.

speculators of the New World Order claim it is being implemented gradually, citing the formation of the U.S. Federal Reserve System in 1913; the League of Nations in 1919; the International Monetary Fund in 1944; the United Nations in 1945; the World Bank in 1945; the World Health Organization in 1948; the European Union and the euro currency in 1993; the World Trade Organization in 1998; the African Union in 2002; and the Union of South American Nations in 2008 as major milestones. An increasingly popular conspiracy theory among American right-wing populists is that the hypothetical North American Union and the amero currency, proposed by the Council on Foreign Relations and its counterparts in Mexico and Canada, will be the next milestone in the implementation of the New World Order. The theory holds that a group of shadowy and mostly nameless international elites are planning to replace the federal government of the United States with a transnational government. Therefore, conspiracy theorists believe the borders between Mexico, Canada and the United States are in the process of being erased, covertly, by a group of globalists whose ultimate goal is to replace national governments in Washington, D.C., Ottawa and Mexico City with a European-style political union and a bloated E.U.-style bureaucracy. Skeptics argue that the North American Union exists only as a proposal contained in one of a thousand academic and policy papers published each year that advocate all manner of idealistic but ultimately unrealistic approaches to social, economic and political problems. Most of these are passed around in their own circles and eventually filed away and forgotten by junior staffers in congressional offices. Some of these papers, however, become touchstones for the conspiracy-minded and form the basis of all kinds of unfounded xenophobic fears especially during times of economic anxiety. For example, in March 2009, as a result of the late-2000s financial crisis, the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation pressed for urgent consideration of a new international reserve currency and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development proposed greatly expanding the I.M.F.'s special drawing rights. Conspiracy theorists fear these proposals are a call for the U.S. to adopt a single global currency for a New World Order. Judging that both national governments and global institutions have proven ineffective in addressing worldwide problems that go beyond the capacity of individual nation-states to solve, some political scientists critical of New World Order conspiracism, such as Mark C. Partridge, argue that regionalism will be the major force in the coming decades, pockets of power around regional centers: Western Europe around Brussels, the Western Hemisphere around Washington, D.C., East Asia around Beijing, and Eastern Europe around Moscow. As such, the E.U., the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and the G-20 will likely become more influential as time progresses. The question then is not whether global governance is gradually emerging, but rather how will these regional powers interact with one another. Please have a read through all of the Cases below which feature on the New world order map above:

CASE 1, The European Union,
CASE 183, The North American Union,
CASE 218, The South American Union,
CASE 224, The African Union,
CASE 238, The Austral-Asian Pacific Union
CASE 235 - The Continental Superstates again, with updates, improvements and changes
CASE 159 - Who controls the world...?
CASE 106 - The Sovereign Military Order of Malta
CASE 061 - The world bank & The International Monetary Fund
CASE 041 - The Fabien society
CASE 025 - The bilderberg group
CASE 013 - The United nations
CASE 012 - THE EMPIRE OF "THE CITY"
CASE 079 - council on foreign relations
CASE 077 - Club of rome
CASE 096 - The illuminati
CASE 070 - The new world order
CASE 068 - Royal institute of international affairs
CASE 125 - The Commonwealth of Nations
CASE 210 - Central banks
CASE 219 - The Bank for International Settlements
CASE 222 - World Trade organization
CASE 277 - Federal reserve
CASE 352 - World petroleum council
CASE 354 - World currency
CASE 357 - Union state
CASE 358 - One world government
CASE 373 - NATO vs SCO
CASE 404 - The vatican
CASE 446 - TTIP, TPP, APEC & SAARC
CASE 447 - The CIA
CASE 449 - British intelligence and secret services
CASE 485 - Eurasian Union

CASE 485 - Eurasian union

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is an economic union of states located in central and northern Asia and Eastern Europe. The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union was signed on 29 May 2014 by the leaders of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, and came into force on 1 January 2015.Treaties aiming for Armenia's and Kyrgyzstan's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union were signed on 9 October and 23 December 2014, respectively. Armenia's accession treaty came into force on 2 January 2015. Kyrgyzstan's accession treaty came into effect on 6 August 2015. It participated in the EAEU from the day of its establishment as an acceding state.

The Eurasian Economic Union has an integrated single market of 183 million people and a gross domestic product of over 4 trillion U.S. dollars (PPP).[10] The EAEU introduces the free movement of goods, capital, services and people and provides for common policies in the macroeconomic sphere, transport, industry and agriculture, energy, foreign trade and investment, customs, technical regulation, competition and antitrust regulation. Provisions for a single currency and greater integration are envisioned in future. The union operates through supranational and intergovernmental institutions. The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council is the supreme body of the Union, consisting of the Heads of the Member States. The second level of intergovernmental institutions is represented by the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council (consisting of the Heads of the governments of member states). The day-to-day work of the EAEU is done through the Eurasian Economic Commission, the executive body of the Union. There is also a judicial body – the Court of the EAEU

Founding treaties (1990s) Meeting of the leaders of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in Bishkek, 2008. The CIS initiated the lengthy process of Eurasian integration.During the 1990s, the Eurasian integration process was slow, possibly due to the economic crisis experienced after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the size of the countries involved (Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan cover an area of about 20 million km²). As a result, numerous treaties have been signed by member states to establish the regional trading bloc gradually.In 1995, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and later acceding states Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan signed the first agreements on the establishment of a Customs Union. Its purpose was to gradually lead the way toward the creation of open borders without passport controls between member states. In 1996, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Kyrgyzstan signed the Treaty on Increased Integration in the Economic and Humanitarian Fields to begin economic integration between countries to allow for the creation of common markets for goods, services, capital, labour, and developing single transport, energy and information systems. In 1999, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan signed the Treaty on the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space by clarifying the goals and policies the states would undertake in order to form the Eurasian Customs Union and the Single Economic Space.



Eurasian Economic Community (2000–2014) Main article: Eurasian Economic Community

To promote further economic integration and more cooperation, in 2000 Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan established the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) which Uzbekistan joined in 2006. The treaty established a common market for its member states. The Eurasian Economic Community was modelled on the European Economic Community. The two had a comparable population size of 171 million and 169 million, respectively. A Treaty on a Single Economic Space by Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine was signed in 2003 and ratified in 2004, but the process was stalled after the Orange revolution. In 2007, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement to create a Customs Union between the three countries. Establishing the customs union and single market (2010–2014) Main articles: Eurasian Customs Union and Eurasian Economic Space A session of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council (composed of the union's heads of state) is held at least once every year.

The Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia (now the Eurasian Customs Union) came into existence on 1 January 2010. The Customs Union's priorities were the elimination of intra-bloc tariffs, establishing a common external tariff policy and the elimination of non-tariff barriers. It was launched as a first step towards forming a broader single market inspired by the European Union, with the objective of forming an alliance between former Soviet states. The member states planned to continue with economic integration and were set to remove all customs borders between each other after July 2011. On January 1, 2012, the three states established the Eurasian Economic Space which ensures the effective functioning of a single market for goods, services, capital and labour, and to establish coherent industrial, transport, energy and agricultural policies. The agreement included a roadmap for future integration and established the Eurasian Economic Commission (modelled on the European Commission). The Eurasian Economic Commission serves as the regulatory agency for the Eurasian Customs Union, the Single Economic Space and the Eurasian Economic Union.

Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union

File:The signing ceremony of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union.webmPlay media The signing ceremony of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (in Astana, Kazakhstan, on 29 May 2014) In 2011, the then-Prime Minister of Russia, Vladimir Putin, announced his support for Nursultan Nazarbayev's idea for the creation of a Eurasian Economic Union. On 18 November 2011, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia signed an agreement setting a target of establishing the Eurasian Economic Union by 2015. The member states put together a joint commission on fostering closer economic ties. On 29 May 2014, the presidents of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia signed the treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, which came into effect on 1 January 2015. The presidents of Armenia and Kyrgyzstan were also present at the signing ceremony. Russian president Vladimir Putin stated, "Today we have created a powerful, attractive centre of economic development, a big regional market that unites more than 170 million people"."Kazakh politicians emphasized the Eurasian Economic Union was not intended to be a political bloc, but a purely economic union. Bakytzhan Sagintayev, the first deputy prime minister of Kazakhstan and lead negotiator, said, "We are not creating a political organisation; we are forming a purely economic union." He further stated "it is a pragmatic means to get benefits. We don't meddle into what Russia is doing politically, and they cannot tell us what foreign policy to pursue."By October, the treaty had received parliamentary approval from all three states. On 9 October 2014, a Treaty to enlarge the EEU to Armenia was signed. Kyrgyzstan signed the Treaty on 23 December 2014 and became a member of the Eurasian Union on 6 August 2015.

CASE 484 - The history of Thailand

The Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม), is a country at the center of the Southeast Asian Indochinese peninsula composed of 76 provinces. At 513,120 km2 (198,120 sq mi) and over 68 million people, Thailand is the world's 50th largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, a special administrative area. Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. Although nominally a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, the most recent coup in 2014 established a de facto military dictatorship. Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century. Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon, the Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region, competing with Thai states such as Ngoenyang, the Sukhothai Kingdom, Lan Na and the Ayutthaya Kingdom, which rivaled each other. European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya, one of the great powers in the region. Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai's reign (1656–88), gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in 1767 in a war with Burma. Taksin quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom. He was succeeded in 1782 by Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke, the first monarch of the Chakri dynasty and founder of the Rattanakosin Kingdom, which lasted into the early 20th century.

Through the 18th and 19th centuries, Siam faced pressure from France and the United Kingdom, including forced concessions of territory, but nevertheless it remained the only Southeast Asian country to avoid direct Western rule. Following a bloodless revolution in 1932, Siam became a constitutional monarchy and changed its official name to "Thailand". While it joined the Allies in World War I, Thailand was an Axis satellite in World War II. In the late 1950s, a military coup revived the monarchy's historically influential role in politics. Thailand became a major ally of the United States and played a key anti-communist role in the region. Apart from a brief period of parliamentary democracy in the mid-1970s, Thailand has periodically alternated between democracy and military rule. In the 21st century, Thailand endured a political crisis that culminated in two coups and the establishment of its current and 20th constitution by the military junta.

Thailand is a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy under a military junta. Thailand is a founding member of Association of Southeast Asian Nations and remains a major ally of the US. Despite its comparatively sporadic changes in leadership, it is considered a regional power in Southeast Asia and a middle power in global affairs. With a high level of human development, the second largest economy in Southeast Asia, and the 20th largest by PPP, Thailand is classified as a newly industrialized economy; manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism are leading sectors of the economy



Thailand had a population of 68,863,514[8] as of 2016. Thailand's population is largely rural, concentrated in the rice-growing areas of the central, northeastern, and northern regions. About 45.7% of Thailand's population lived in urban areas as of 2010, concentrated mostly in and around the Bangkok Metropolitan Area. Thailand's government-sponsored family planning program resulted in a dramatic decline in population growth from 3.1% in 1960 to around 0.4% today. In 1970, an average of 5.7 people lived in a Thai household. At the time of the 2010 census, the average Thai household size was 3.2 people.

CASE 483 - International trade

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade has existed throughout history (for example Uttarapatha, Silk Road, Amber Road, scramble for Africa, Atlantic slave trade, salt roads), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Carrying out trade at an international level is a more complex process than domestic trade. Trade takes place between two or more nations. Factors like the economy, government policies, markets, laws, judicial system, currency, etc. influence the trade. The political relations between two countries also influences the trade between them. Sometimes, the obstacles in the way of trading affect the mutual relationship adversly. To avoid this, international economic and trade organisations came up. To smoothen and justify the process of trade between countries of different economic standing, some international economic organisations were formed. These organisations work towards the facilitation and growth of international trade and some work to compete.

Production jobs in developed countries are moving to lower cost locations such as South America and China. Globalization and the relocation of production allows for lower-cost production which benefits the consumer with lower prices and thus leading to an increase in purchasing power which the American dream is all about isn't it? It comes at the cost of lost jobs in the production sector in home countries which leaves people with a lack of options for other employment.



Corporations spend great effort into setting up stranglehold trade agreements with 3rd world countries. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank ensure that third world countries have to open their markets, while the 'free market western economies' set up fences around theirs. The set up is such that NO jobs are available in third world industries, apart from the ones created by western companies, who pay scarcely over cost-price to the producers, while making record profits on selling their goods to rich westerners. In a true free-market, those third world countries would have an equal change at exporting their OWN products to the West, which would result in profit being made by the third world producers. However, there are tax-barriers where it's okay for the third world to export their raw materials (hence all the oil-export, fruits and vegetables) but where the amount of import-tax on end-products (such as phones, computers, cars, etc.) is so high that it makes their products by default noncompetitive.

The only exceptions to this rule are companies that have head-quarters in the US or the EU region. The current struggle within the EU is actually quite a good example of how badly globalization works. It works for Capital (which can move freely and generate profits wherever they are to be made) but it leaves weaker countries with enormous trade-deficits and poor quality food that hasn’t passed EU regulations. IMF and World Bank politics and demands are destroying local industries and they're introducing true poverty.



GDP is a poor measure of progress – it increases as we destroy the natural capital of the planet.

We need economic growth, but we cannot continue to measure it using GDP. We need a ‘quality adjusted’ GDP linked to transactions which recognise how much social and natural capital they are building. Although the International Energy Association reported that carbon emissions stabilised for 3 years in the 2014-2016, the best estimates for 2017, which are waiting formal confirmation, are that they increased 2%. This is in the context of Christina Figueres, former chair of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, together with leading scientists, saying that we have “three years for carbon emissions to peak and drop rapidly to avoid catastrophic climate change”. That was June 2017. We now have two years.

Please have a read the Cases 222 WTO and 188 GATT

CASE 482 - Brexit (PART 2)

CASE 482 - Brexit Part 2

2 years since the referendum result

An easy In or OUT referendum, but as the problems of UK’s exit from the EU become apparent, was it doomed years ago due to stuffing its empirical problems under the union jack rug for a later date.

In 2015 The conservatives with the help of UKIP as promised in election mandates quickly pushed for an IN/OUT referendum that no one wanted or had much talked about other than a few eurosceptics (as explained in CASE 476 Brexit (part 1). The government were even against leaving the EU and when the referendum date was set, the same people, the government and media were really positive and persuading everyone to stay in the EU and it looked like most were against leaving. After the country voted to leave 52% to 48% on the 23rd June 2016, David Cameron resigned having made the referendum, promising to keep the UK in the EU and then failed to do so. Which led to Theresa May being appointed Prime minister, who moved to call a snap general election and which she only won the parliamentary majority by being propped up by the DUP. She then later triggered article 50 and the EU withdrawal act with the support of parliament starting a some what brutal 2 year negotiation period between the UK and the EU, but more so between parliament, the people, their families and co-workers who live and work in the UK. This led to many clashes, arguments, misinformation from both sides and a silent run down of the clock from the government as one fact after another surfaced from all sources as to the implications of what happens when the UK leaves the EU not to mention the different scenarios such as May’s deal, No deal, no Brexit or restarting it all and having a 2nd referendum. On March 29th 2019 the UK still intend to leave the European union with May’s proposed deal or a no deal. The Government’s stance has always been that it wants to avoid a no deal, but with a draft deal that has been incredibly divisive, resulting in resignations and strong take-downs from across the political parties, ministers have been preparing for leaving the EU without any deal whatsoever. Political differences on the terms of leaving have been rife for months and hardcore Brexiteers in Conservative ranks have repeatedly said a no-deal Brexit would be better than a soft Brexit.

What is a ‘no deal’ Brexit?

A “no deal” Brexit does what it says on the tin. It means the UK and the EU has been unable to reach a withdrawal agreement and it will be the default position. If this is the case, it means there will be no 21-month transition period. Consequently consumers, businesses and public bodies would have to respond immediately to changes as result of leaving the EU. “On 29 March at 23:00 the UK would leave the EU and everything associated with that would come to an end,” according to Dr Simon Usherwood, a reader in politics at the University of Surrey. “[A no deal] doesn’t stop the UK leaving but it means there is absolutely no clarity about what happens.” While it is a possibility, in reality neither the UK nor the EU would favour a no deal because it signals a poor political relationship, he adds. One of the key issues with a no deal scenario is the uncertainty it would lead to for life and work in Britain. The UK would instantly revert to World trade organisation rules, which would mean we would have to set and accept tariff prices the same for every country in the world and we would have to set them at the maximum amount the EU set their tarrifs in order to create a trade deal with them and over time we can only lower or remove these tariffs creating competition or lowering prices.

The Brexit result in 2016 which caused a massive shockwave across the world on the stock market, towards international business and many other problems internally could be blamed on many factors and theories such as: It was all old people who went out to vote and the young didn’t bother, or it was the poor voting for the populist vote against the rich establishment, the right seeking sovereignty, the left wanting to remain in the EU or even the big cities who have attracted more EU funding over the years verses the Port towns, Northern powerhouse and rest of England who feel they have been somewhat left out of the EU’s great project, but I’m certain the reason it happened, the result, the massive divide straight down the middle of the UK that the result caused and where the government has got so far with negotiations, the problems it has faced and will continue to face as a nation outside the EU is all down to not dealing with its entwined and confusing imperialistic past.



Brexit’s root problems stem from not dealing with the British empire’s imperialistic past

In 1919 when The empire of Great Britain and Ireland was at its peak and had just won world war 1, countries such as Ireland, India and others followed in trying to shed their imperialistic rulers of the British by means of internal war or overthrowing the people in control of their territory. India was drastically split into 4 states, which culminated in years of political and religious wars, tensions and displacement of millions of people which still poses and international threat but has no ties to Great Britain and Ireland. Ireland had the war of independence which finished in 1921 ending the 300 year British rule over Ireland, but also partitioned it into 2 countries and this is where the ‘root problems’ of ‘Brexit’ came from and proceeded to build up for over a century. By 1927 the Anglo-Irish treaty had been signed, the Irish free state had been created and the empire was called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland a new country which had a majority unionist government refused the ‘home rule act’ imposed by the British and wanted to stay apart of the British empire. For 30 years, economically and culturally Northern Ireland was segregated into 2 peoples, that gave more opportunities and share of the countries budget to the protestant communities which caused and added many problems as well as a declining poor functioning economy subsidised by the Westminster government. As the situation escalated, the British government imposed ‘direct rule’ in 1972. Paramilitary groups, both republican and loyalist, became increasingly deadly. The bombings, shootings and sectarian brutality of Northern Ireland's Troubles were to last for decades. Over 3,600 people, most of them civilians, died. The violence spread to the British mainland in acts of terrorism never seen before and now being televised.



Paramilitary ceasefires and years of gruelling bargaining culminated in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement which brought peace. The deal addressed differences over national identities in Northern Ireland, as well as the relationship with Dublin, which gave up its constitutional claim to Northern Ireland. It set up a power-sharing mechanism and restored devolved government through the Northern Ireland Assembly. Voters in Northern Ireland and the Republic backed the deal in referendums, it was heralded as a great achievement and brought lots of growth and investment to a thriving new Irish republic economy but left a stagnant economy in the North, this is where the term ‘kicking the can down the road’ comes into play. 100 years ago in 1919 and 21 years ago in 1998 the British held onto Northern Ireland and the unionist population of about 900,000 have stood strong and held onto the belief that they are British people living on the Island of Ireland, the 900,000 and growing population of Irish catholics living in Northern Ireland still firmly believe it is their territory even though the government of the Irish republic doesn’t. So its a very complex and ever changing situation that in reality is still “at a stalemate” and this stalemate is one of the last remaining problems the British empire created, this can also be similarly applied to the Gibraltar/Spain situation but these are two very different circumstances.



Northern Ireland has always existed on the political, economic and cultural periphery of the UK, rather than being an integral component of Britain’s understanding of its own self-interest or self-image. So the Idea of Great Britain leaving the EU (Brexit) was that all of the UK was to take back control of many aspects of control such as immigration, trade, agriculture, fishing and others, but as the EU has grown around Great Britain and Northern Ireland, its laws, regulations and policies has outgrown the UK and intwined into everyones lives which has made the situation of leaving the EU more difficult due to the border between Ireland and Northern Ireland having to change under EU laws and possibly bringing up the old days of the troubles with a border wall which no body wants, and as the SNP and Scotland calls for a 2nd independence referendum which the British government will try to avoid at all costs in the coming weeks, it will bring a whole new set of problems to the surface for Great Britain and Northern Ireland. If Scotland votes yes to leave the UK a massive constitutional crisis will erupt culminating in Northern Ireland possibly being cut off further and an immediate suspension of the ‘acts of union’, the British parliament and could be an immediate implementation of an English and Welsh parliament. Giving Northern Ireland 3 possible choices to choose between as an Irish border poll referendum will be offered on both sides of the border.

1. It continues to be a dysfunctional territory governed by England and Wales
2. It becomes an independent country backed by gold reserves and bank loans
3. It ceases to exist, unifying with the rest of the republic of Ireland

CASE 481 - The history of Hip hop

The begining - 1968 to 1972

What would eventually become to be known as Hip hop began in Rosedale park, Bronxdale community parties called “jams” between 1968 to 1972 in the Soundview area of the Bronx, New York. DJ's were borrowing and blending a predominantly Afro-American, hispanic disco, mambo and funksoul sound into music for people to dance to and feel part of a community. The world of TV was showing a disco culture from clubs such as studio 54, but on the streets and in the parks of NY, block parties were creating a new free sub-culture where everybody in the community was involved in some way and authorities would turn a blind eye as everyone was in one place and happy.

Organised and hosted by Disco king Mario (July 1 1956-1994) considered 1 of the 1st DJ's and Original founding fathers of the culture of what would eventually become hip hop, he was also a member of the black spades who was the biggest gang in the 1970's with members all over NY. Mario put on many early shows in the Rosedale park, 'Big Park', in The Bronx with his crew known as Chuck Chuck City members included Kool DJ Dee, DJ Tex Hollywood, spanky and his proteges busy bee starski and DJ Jazzy-Jay and they played largely up-tempo street disco, funk, soul music, Mario was concerned with a specific style of music that would excite the crowd, get dancers dancing and people to the parties.

They also had the protection of the black spades enabling them to be able to perform outside, but as the equipment got better his style changed to suit the b-boys. Afrika Bambaataa started out as an assistant to Mario, and Mario loaned Bambaataa the technical equipment for his first appearances as DJ, and Bambaataas first DJ-Battle took place in 1976 in the New York junior High School 123 against Mario. DJ Jazzy Jay had his first appearances as well with Mario. Together with Bambaataa, Mario controlled essentially the entire southeast Bronx and DJs had to either get permission from Bambaataas Zulu nation or from Mario, before they could safely DJ publicly. As other DJs came and went, Mario remained popular until the rise of the Zulu Nation. Until that point, according to Cholly Rock, DJ Mario was like a Hip Hop impresario, nurturing many DJs that would eventually become part of the Zulu Nation. Mario was able to serve in this capacity because he had the hook-up and controlled access to the schools, especially JHS 123, which was the main place where they threw parties in the Bronxdale projects. Anybody that played in neighborhood schools had to come through Mario. Initially, DJ Mario's sound system was less than top notch. It was a system he had pieced together over the years. In fact, Mario was probably more famous for his Traffic lights, snake dance and his mic shout-outs using an echo effect than the quality of his system and set.

In traditional discussions of hip-hop forebearers, the names that never really come up in discussion are The Last Poets and Gil Scott-Heron. But according to Priest Forever, a hip-hop historian and one half of rap duo The Gecko Brothers, the connection between The Last Poets and hip-hop wasn't really made in the media until the rise of Public Enemy. While there's no denying The Last Poets and Gil Scott-Heron helped popularize rhyming as a means of social communication, there's debate as to how much influence they had on those early 1970s block parties.



Mario was using black spades members and DJ's who started with disco but eventually started doing jams for the B-Boys such as DJ Breakout, Kool DJ Dee, Tyrone the mixologist and DJ Plumbers equipment who 1st used a crossfader the GLI Disco mixer in 1973, they rocked block parties at Rosedale park, Lafayette, Monroe, Lollipop St, The Carriage Room and Soundview Centers. He would also play at skating rinks and bowling alleys. As far as outside jams and block parties go, Bronxdale was the Garden of Eden and Mecca. Mario obtained a permit that allowed him to play music outside for three weeks. It was called the 21 Days of Summer in the summer of 1973.

It is a heavy and crucial contribution nonetheless and therefore does not change Kool Herc's Godfathership. However The chuck chuck city crew of Bronxdale, Bronx river, and Soundview are the seed people of the culture, the organized jam and outside jam of Hip-Hop history. Block parties were used as a way to get people dancing and unite the local poor black and hispanic communities who felt isolated and separated by the gentrification, segregation and the building of the Bruckner and Cross Bronx expressway roads straight through the heart of the Bronx a decade earlier which misplaced and divided the community as well as the decimating effects of the Bronx fire epidemic caused by gangs and property owners seeking insurance, no fiscal spending in these areas and gang drug wars happening all over the city.

This is where gangs such as the black spades, savage nomads and many more would control certain blocks and areas with their martial arts, strict power and had decisions wether or not people could play jams during their area. Most of the gangs at the start were banishing drug dealers, bent police officers who were involved in corruption, rascist drug dealing gangs and controlling their territory, teaching the youngsters in their area martial arts, knowledge and spreading music. These gangs eventually would either be killed off one by one by the corrupt police, other gangs or they started growing up and getting jobs, the gangs were dispersing or power was changing hands and certain gangs wanted to start making money from sales of drugs, women and many other crimes that were availanble in 1970's NY.

Map of the Bronx between 1973 to 1978 - The black spades, baby spades and spade divisions spread out all over the Bronx allowing DJ Kool herc to dominate the parks and clubs in the West of the Bronx, Grandmaster flash controlled the centre, DJ Breakout in the North and Afrika Bambatta the South Bronx



Setting the standards - 1972 to 1975

Then between 1972 to 1975 Dj’s who were originally disco DJ's and actually avoided hip hop in the begining eventually started switching over as it was growing in popularity, DJ's like:

Grandmaster flowers (Brooklyn) the Original Grandmaster

Grandmixer DST (Manhattan) reguarded as the 1st turntablist and 1st person to establish the turntable as a fully performable and improvisational musical instrument

Grandwizard theodore (Bronx) inventor of the 'scratch'. In addition to scratching, he achieved renown for his mastery of needle drops and other techniques which he invented or perfected.

Dance master donnie (Queens)

DJ Hollywood (Harlem) the person who came up with the shoutouts such as "clap your hands everybody", and "throw your hands in the air".

Pete DJ Jones (Bronx) the person who set the DJ standard and was "extending breaks" long before Kool herc.

The person who named “hip hop” and really crossed disco over into hip hop was love bug starsky (Uptown and the Bronx)



All these pioneers all came along with the next faze starting up their own parties around NY with new unheard records such as love is the message that no one else had, but eventually became the NY anthem and was played at every party all around the city. Long before the MC came along everyone wanted to be a DJ, compete hard and come along with their own sound, better promotion, better speakers and sound systems it was a must and an art.



DJ Kool herc’s “merry-go-round” started late 1973, his was another "1 of the many" new parties popping up and around New York. He started by playing West-Indian and reggae music at his 1st party that immegrants from Jamaica and the other West-indian countries had brought over with them to the USA in the early 1950's, but most people hated it. There was no overnight fairytale success story portrayed by teachers such as KRS1, hip hop documentaries and regurgitated inforamation all over the internet, it took a few years until at least 1975 before Kool herc not only had 2 turntables but crafted his own style as he 1st started imitating African-American culture until he eventually distinguished himself from the rest with his new “breaks style". He also came with his own party "The merry-go-round" and his own crew " The herculiods". For around 4 to 5 years Kool herc dominated the clubs, parks and parties in the West side of the Bronx and influenced a new gerneration of people, DJ's, MC's and other artists for years to come.

Summer 1974, you could say the torch was passed from Bronxdale on to Bronx river where was the 1st of hundreds of big party's where everyone knew about, all the gangs, all big DJ’s and dancers were there and featured not only Disco king Mario vs Grandmaster flash in one of the 1st DJ battles or Kool moe dee vs busy bee but it also featured the 1st MC, Coke la rock alongside DJ Kool herc. From this point the culture was unifying, exploding and was being introduced to all the 5 boroughs of New York spread around by people like Green eye genie, travelling b-boys, MC's and DJ's or anyone looking to have a party. On a friday night there could be upto 25 block parties happening in NY but usually everybody would end up at the one that continued into the night or featured the best DJ's, and each Borough had its own special DJ at the time.



Pioneering the culture of hip hop - 1975 to 1985

The 3rd faze of hip hop now underway and progressing as technology was slowly being introduced. The culture was seeing new youngsters such as DJ Grandmaster flash, Disco twins, coldcrush brothers, jazzy jay and at the time the biggest new crew, Africa bambaataa and zulu nation who was borrowing Disco king Mario's equipment and they were all taking it to another level with new techniques such as cueing, fazing and cutting along with Master D, Infinity sounds, King Charles and 127 park's Nu-sounds with their earthquake speakers and the place-to-be the 123 that started the "biggest sound system war" between Brooklyn and Queens about who had the best sound systems at the time.



At this time the culture was spreading like wildfire and out of NY city. They were not only spreading the culture of hip hop out of New York and across the country, excelling it into the clubs and other cultures, but eventually paved the way to form the 1st record label the sugar hill records which all the 1st artists started recorded on, many other labels and crews then followed. The 1st track on the label, world renouned "rappers delight" by the sugar hill gang in 1979. Curtis blow acheived the 1st Gold single (1 million sales) in 1981. 1983 Saw the 1st and possibly best film based on hip hop called "beat street". Then in 1984 Grandmaster DST's "The home of hip hop" was considered the 1st song to record a turntable as an instrument on a song. Whodini's "Escape" album in 1984 was the 1st ever hip hop certified Gold album (1 million sales) and possibly the most famous of all of these tracks was Grandmaster flash and the furious 5's the message.













Then thanks to Blondie in 1981 who had already had made a name for themselves across the city in CBGB's, pioneering punk rock and a string of number 1 hits in pop, punk and rock, were now looking to the other culture in the city, hip hop. After going to some of the block parties themselves in the late 70's they had met many of the big people and eventually linked with fab Freddy five. Together they made a clasic chart hit ’rapture’, which helped spread the culture in more ways across world and into other countries on a more marketable level, for anyone to listen to. Records were being pressed and circulating and some even making it into the charts now thanks to those that had paved the way for them, but the major record labels were still not interested in the street culture.



B-boys and Graffiti

The introduction of the B-boy or Breakdancing, is an athletic style of street dance. While diverse in the amount of variation available in the dance, breakdancing mainly consists of four kinds of movement: toprock, downrock, power moves, and freezes. Breakdancing is typically set to hip-hop, funk, and breakbeat music, although modern trends allow for much wider varieties of music along certain ranges of tempo and beat patterns. Eventually different forms of street dance came along too and became the focus point, the DJ would spin the tunes and everyone would stand round in a circle whilst 2 B-Boy crews battled out dancing.



Whilst many Bronx teenagers were doing mainstream type dances (the twist, the jerk) The teenage Black Spades created their own sub culture, their own dance 1967-1975 mimicking james brown's song soul power, the Black Spades would shout "Spade Power" … While forming a circle in the middle of a party. The Black Spades would then start to stomp the floors and do wild flips and spins during the breakdown parts of songs….Doing innovative dance moves during the breakdown parts of songs became a trend around the Bronx. As an immigrant to the USA kool herc analyzed this new bronx street dance culture and began to play only the breakdown parts of songs, extending the breakdown parts of the songs for hours making the breakdown longer. The younger generations, 1974-1978... teenagers like the "nigga twins", clark kent, james bond, sah sah and tricksy began to drop down and do dance moves on the floor, soon this became a trend as teenagers would focus on floor moves while the breakdown parts of the song was playing…These teenagers focusing on floor moves became known as "break boys" (b-boys)..Evolving from the Spades wild stomp dance, "Breakdance" was born 1974/1975

Also the 2000 year old art style graffiti from Roman Europe, reintroduced in Philidelphia with artists cornbread in 1967, eventualy blended into the hip hop culture of New York on the trains, walls, backdrops and just about everywhere in New York, Walls, shops doors, tunnels, Bridges and many more. The new cultural object took form in press articles, performance shows and, in particular, in movies, some of which had wide international distribution. Because of this, the public began to believe as it still does so today that graffiti in the New York tradition is from its very inception and by its own nature, a part of hip hop. This conception is so widespread that the term hip-hop graffiti is often used to differentiate this type of graffiti from others. However, this link is in fact a myth the phenomenon of New York graffiti appeared in 1968 and was mature by 1973, years before Richard Goldstein would link it with rap for the first time in a 1980 article in the Village Voice.1 An influential journalist and cultural critic, Goldstein had published, seven years earlier, the first mainstream article to speak favourably of graffiti. The cultural and musical backgrounds of the graffiti writers of the seventies were as diverse as those of the local youths and spanned from psychedelic rock to music with ethnic roots.



The golden age of hip hop - 1985 to 1995

The 4th faze of hip hop now was in full swing, The golden age is noted for its innovation – a time "when it seemed that every new single reinvented the genre," according to Rolling Stone. Referring to "hip-hop in its golden age", Spin's editor-in-chief Sia Michel said, "there were so many important, groundbreaking albums coming out right about that time", and MTV's Sway Calloway added: "The thing that made that era so great is that nothing was contrived. Everything was still being discovered and everything was still innovative and new". Writer William Jelani Cobb said, "what made the era they inaugurated worthy of the term golden was the sheer number of stylistic innovations that came into existence... in these golden years, a critical mass of mic prodigies were literally creating themselves and their art form at the same time".

LL Cool J, Run–D.M.C., Public Enemy, Beastie Boys, KRS-One, Eric B. & Rakim, De La Soul, Big Daddy Kane, EPMD, A Tribe Called Quest, Slick Rick, Ultramagnetic MC's and the Jungle Brothers. Releases by these acts co-existed in this period with, Melle Mel and the furious five were all coming up and spreading their words eventhough there were subcultural undercurrents running through both rap music and graffiti during the early 1980's and that this probably represented an authentic cultural movement that had not been acknowledged in the mass media. Around this time all the previous DJ’s and MC’s started hitting the charts, featuring in clubs, recording videos and influencing people into the culture all around the world.



The age of the Producer began in the late 1980's too with names like J-Dilla, Dj Premier, 9th wonder, Apollo Brown, Marley Marl, Large proffessor, Eric Serman, Dr dre and Pete Rock to name a few, were starting to set a new standard with producing and bring new techniques, pushing artists and mc's further.

During the golden age of hip hop, samples were heavily used. The ability to sample different beats, riffs and patterns from a wide variety of sources such as from record gave birth to a new breed of producers and DJs who did not necessarily need formal musical training or instruments, just a good ear for sound collages. These samples were derived from a number of genres, ranging from jazz, funk and soul to rock and roll. For example, Paul's Boutique, the Beastie Boys' second studio album, drew from over 200 individual samples, 24 of which were featured on the last track of the album. Samples and sound bites were not limited to just music. RZA of the Wu-Tang Clan, a hip hop collective formed in the 1990s, sampled sound clips from his own collection of 1970s kung-fu films to bolster and frame the group's gritty lyrical content. Many of the sample-laden albums released during this time would not be able to receive legal clearance today.



Why did rap's emergence seem so sudden on the charts? And why did this all happen in 1991?

After all, "Rapper's Delight," by Sugar Hill Gang, the first radio hit that contemporaries considered hip-hop, was released 12 years prior, in 1979. Rick Rubin founded Def Jam Records in 1982. Run-D.M.C. released King of Rock and performed in Live Aid in 1985, and the Beastie Boys came out with Licensed to Ill in late 1986. The first music show dedicated to rap, the perfectly-named "Yo! MTV Raps," debuted in 1989, and some historians look back on the program as the baptism of hip-hop as a mainstream genre. Hip-hop did not just appear out of the blue in 1991. But for chart-watchers and Top 40 radio listeners, rap clung to the fringes until the early 1990s. It might have gotten its critical boost from an unlikely ally: Billboard's statistical method. It was also not just New york rappers who were the best at it, West coast rappers such as DR dre and N.W.A would release their 1st album in 1991 too

Dr dre, NWA and West coast hip hop

In 1986, Crenshaw-based Ice T released the song "6 in the Mornin'." It is considered by many critics as the very first gangsta rap song. The LA gangsta rap scene exploded afterward. With the help of friend Jerry Heller, Eazy-E founded Ruthless Records on March 3, 1986. Shortly afterwards, his group N.W.A released the Panic Zone EP. It contained the title track Arabian Prince, "8 Ball" (Eazy-E), and the well-known "Dope Man" (Ice Cube). As for Dr dre Inspired by the Grandmaster Flash song "The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel", he often attended a club owned by Lonzo Williams one of the 1st hip hop DJ's on the west coast called Eve After Dark to watch many DJs and rappers performing live. He subsequently became a DJ in the club, initially under the name "Dr. J", based on the nickname of Julius Erving, his favorite basketball player. At the club, he met aspiring rapper Antoine Carraby, later to become member DJ Yella of N.W.A. Soon afterwards he adopted the moniker Dr. Dre, a mix of previous alias Dr. J and his first name, referring to himself as the "Master of Mixology". Eve After Dark had a back room with a small four-track studio. In this studio, Dre and Yella recorded several demos. In their first recording session, they recorded a song entitled "Surgery", with the lyrics "calling Dr. Dre to surgery" serving as the chorus to the song. He later joined the musical group World Class Wreckin' Cru under the independent Kru-Cut Records in 1984. The group would become stars of the electro-hop scene that dominated early 1980s West Coast hip hop. "Surgery", which was officially released after being recorded prior to the group's official formation, would prominently feature Dr. Dre on the turntable.

In 1986, Dr. Dre met rapper O'Shea Jackson—nicknamed Ice Cube—who collaborated with Dr. Dre to record songs for Ruthless Records, a rap record label run by local rapper Eazy-E. N.W.A and fellow West Coast rapper Ice-T are widely credited as seminal artists of the gangsta rap genre, a profanity-heavy subgenre of hip hop, replete with gritty depictions of urban crime and gang lifestyle. Not feeling constricted to racially charged political issues pioneered by rap artists such as Public Enemy or Boogie Down Productions, N.W.A favored themes and uncompromising lyrics, offering stark descriptions of violent, inner-city streets. Propelled by the hit "Fuck tha Police", the group's first full album Straight Outta Compton became a major success, despite an almost complete absence of radio airplay or major concert tours. The Federal Bureau of Investigation sent Ruthless Records a warning letter in response to the song's content. After Ice Cube left N.W.A in 1989 over financial disputes, Dr. Dre produced and performed for much of the group's second album Efil4zaggin. He also produced tracks for a number of other acts on Ruthless Records, including Eazy-E's 1988 solo debut Eazy-Duz-It, Above the Law's 1990 debut Livin' Like Hustlers, Michel'le's 1989 self title'd debut, The D.O.C.'s 1989 debut No One Can Do It Better, J.J. Fad's 1988 debut Supersonic and funk rock musician Jimmy Z's 1991 album Muzical Madness[10][11]A disagreement over money saw Arabian Prince leave N.W.A just before the release of their ground-breaking Straight Outta Compton. Eazy-E's friend MC Ren filled his place. Backed by hit singles such as "Fuck tha Police" and "Gangsta Gangsta", the album redefined hip hop genre and cemented the West Coast's presence in the nation's rap scene. Financial issues led to the break up of the group. Eazy-E remained the wealthy owner/manager of his Ruthless label. Ice Cube released a string of successful albums that included AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted and Death Certificate. Dr Dre would go on to co-own Death Row Records with Suge Knight.



After a dispute with Eazy-E, Dre left the group at the peak of its popularity in 1991 under the advice of friend, and N.W.A lyricist, The D.O.C. and his bodyguard at the time, Suge Knight. Knight, a notorious strongman and intimidator, was able to have Eazy-E release Young from his contract and, using Dr. Dre as his flagship artist, founded Death Row Records. In 1992 Young released his first single, the title track to the film Deep Cover, a collaboration with rapper Snoop Dogg, whom he met through Warren G.Dr. Dre's debut solo album was The Chronic, released under Death Row Records with Suge Knight as executive producer. Young ushered in a new style of rap, both in terms of musical style and lyrical content, including introducing a number of artists to the industry including Snoop Dogg, Kurupt, Daz Dillinger, RBX, The Lady of Rage, Nate Dogg and Jewell.

The turning point for Dr dre was when Death row records bankrupted and ended in 1996. Many police charges and dramas surrounding Suge Knight, Easy-E and 2pac. Then free from contracts, a back catalogue of hits and support from certain close friends Dr dre created his own label Aftermath in 1998, but didnt really release anything until when Jimmy Iovine the head of Aftermath's parent label Interscope, suggested that Dr. Dre sign Eminem, a white rapper from Detroit. Dre produced three songs and provided vocals for two on Eminem's successful and controversial debut album The Slim Shady LP, released in 1999. The Dr. Dre-produced lead single from that album, "My Name Is", brought Eminem to world attention for the first time and the success of The Slim Shady LP – it reached number two on the Billboard 200 and received general acclaim from critics – revived the label's commercial ambitions and viability. In 2006 Jimmy Iovine and dr dre created "Beats by dre" a subsidy of Apple inc which sells audio equipment. also making dr dre hip hops richest person in history with an estimated wealth of $800 million and growing.




2000 to the present day - World wide

The 2000s kicked off with the fiasco that was the Bush 2000 presidential election, then 9/11 happened, then the war in Iraq. By the time Katrina hit, five years in, the cruel decade closed with the entire global economy crashing in 2008. Every decade has its ebbs and flows. In every decade, artists rise to the occasion to put on for their culture. In this regard, the 2000s were no different. However, different things did happen in the 2000s. With the rise of the mixtape scene, artists produced previously unheard-of amounts of music and being able to put it on the internet within minutes for anyone across the world to listen to. Meanwhile, older rappers proved that it was possible to have a career in hip-hop that lasted more than five years. In fact, that this would become the norm. Perhaps most significantly, hip-hop saw its powerbase shift, with Southern rappers becoming the dominant voice of the genre while the West Coast failed to produce many new stars (Peace to the Game, though) and New York became less and less relevant.



New cultures, sub-cultures and new genres or types of music spawned off from hip hop such as US trap and UK grime which rendered hip hop obsolete so it would seem to many and on the charts, they would dominate the decade to come but slowly would die off as hip hop has and will probably never die until all of the great artists and fans of those artists have passed away in years to come. Underground hip hop had a massive following, more followers of any genre of music and still to this day, they may not have 2 billion views but have more people seeking a certain type of underground music away from the main stream music charts. New artists such as Atmosphere and the rhymesayers record label, Big L, Cage, Gang star, Sage Francis, eyedea, Rass kass, Kool keith, cunning linguests, common to name a small few

The UK during the early 1980's began making their own hip hop. Rodney P and the London posse, Black Twang, DJ supreme and the Hijack crew, Roots manuva, Lewis Parker, Demon Boyz, mc duke, silverbullet, Chester P and Derek b are considered some of the 1st artists.





The elements of hip hop

1. Martial arts
2. DJing
3. Break dancing
4. MCing
5. Graffiti
6. Beatboxing
7. Fashion
8. Knowledge
9. Entrepreneurialism
10. Language

I have listened to 1000's of accounts, sources and video's from many reliable people to do with hip hop not just the Bronx or New York but the world. After stumbling across a video, another thing led to another and eventually it changed my mind on the official story. I didnt learn it all through watching a 1 hour documentary on youtube, the BBC, through hearsay or from mainly what KRS1 (The teacha) and Bambatta the Liar has been teaching for many years which is where I originally leant my hip hop knowledge from. After spending many months looking into it all again and properly I have found that the official "kool herc, Sedgewick ave" story is a bit of a fairytale, has no evidence other than 1 flyer and has been told by people who wasn't there during a time in the 1970's when it wasn't documented or accounted. Many people have taken the Aug 11th 1973 party as a major starting point in the history of hip hop, its been regurgitated by news sources such as the BBC, ABC and New York times in documentaries, then repeated again by the hip hop communities of the world with the creation of the internet. Im not here in no way to try to offend, take away, re-write the history, take credit or try to push my account of it all on people but there are 100's of people coming forward between (2008 to 2018) with new spoken accounts, flyers, evidence and videos of a different history that dates back at least 5 years before 1973 and were not talking about European club disco. The majority of the Bronx community young and old know how Disco king Mario, the black spades and street disco has not only been writen out of the history, but their roles have been misinterpreted in the creation of what led to the culture and music of hip hop. I believe Kool herc had witnessed one of the park parties which was pieced together barely with Mario on the decks wires everywhere, the baby spade b-boys throwing a few early dance moves in and some old funk, disco and breaks records put on but it got everyone in the hood partying and talking as most of them couldn't afford to party uptown in the clubs. I also believe Pete DJ Jones who ruled the Bronx night clubs with disco during 1970 to 1975 with his 2 sometimes 3 decks influenced Herc hugely. He then went and perfected it, took it to a more profesional organised level that no one had taken it too with the Herculiods, the merry-go-round and breaks. Then Granmaster flash followed taking it to even greater heights than what Kool herc did by creating actual hip hop music with songs and videos to follow.

In a way you could say Mario and the black spades pioneered and created the culture of hip hop and built the basic foundations of the music for Kool herc to improve on the culture and music helping to inspire a new generation of young poor people. Then Grandmaster flash finalised and pushed the music futher, to new levels and helped it explode the world over. That is the account which I believe should be taught to everyone and be in the new "Universal hip hop museum" opening in the Bronx point area early 2022 - http://www.uhhm.org/



Top 25 Hip hop films
http://www.complex.com/music/2014/10/best-hip-hop-movies/baller-blockin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_in_hip_hop_music
http://www.vh1.com/news/827/vh1-40-greatest-hip-hop-songs-of-the-90s-complete-list/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_hip_hop