Bringing new cases, the age will share the truth & knowledge. Depicting the endless corruption, debt, hate, control and battle that is conditioned into our everyday lives. It will exist for the years 2010 to 2020 (The information age). It will be as even sided & independent as possible as we go through the greatest transition age of power & energy the human race has ever experienced
"The world, nor the universe is a small place, its 1 natural consciousness aware of itself"
Quantum computing studies theoretical computation systems (quantum computers) that make direct use of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. Quantum computers are different from binary digital electronic computers based on transistors. Whereas common digital computing requires that the data be encoded into binary digits (bits), each of which is always in one of two definite states (0 or 1), quantum computation is analog and uses quantum bits, which can be in an infinite number of superpositions of states. A quantum Turing machine is a theoretical model of such a computer, and is also known as the universal quantum computer. Quantum computers share theoretical similarities with non-deterministic and probabilistic computers. The field of quantum computing was initiated by the work of Paul Benioff and Yuri Manin in 1980, Richard Feynman in 1982,and David Deutsch in 1985. A quantum computer with spins as quantum bits was also formulated for use as a quantum space–time in 1968.
As of 2016, the development of actual quantum computers is still in its infancy, but experiments have been carried out in which quantum computational operations were executed on a very small number of quantum bits. Both practical and theoretical research continues, and many national governments, military agencies/companies and private companies such as D-wave, google, IBM are funding quantum computing research in an effort to develop quantum computers for civilian, business, trade, environmental and national security purposes, such as cryptonalysis. Large-scale quantum computers would theoretically be able to solve certain problems much quicker than any classical computers that use even the best currently known algorithms, like integer factorization using Shor's algorithm or the simulation of quantum many-body systems. There exist quantum algorithms, such as Simon's algorithm, that run faster than any possible probabilistic classical algorithm. Given sufficient computational resources, a classical computer could in theory simulate any quantum algorithm, as quantum computation does not violate the Church–Turing thesis.:202 On the other hand, quantum computers may be able to efficiently solve problems which are not practically feasible on classical computers.
Classical binary digital computers VS Quantum computers
Classical Computer is fashioned from semi-conductor material in printed circuits for the gate level logic which enables procedural languages to be written. In simple terms a classical computer is a state machine (Turing Machine) design to take input apply a set of rules and and produces an output 1 in 1 out. The classical computer takes digital data sequential instructions, the states (bits)
Quantum Computer is brought about by the landscape below where physical implementation of Quantum Architecture to the manifestation of quantum behaviour and collection of results and is able to process instructions stored in "quantum bits (qubits) which have the "feature" of processing all instruction data in parallel at the logic level.
IBM, The start of the age of quantum computing
http://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.5.8174/full/
The term New World Order (NWO) has been used by numerous politicians through the ages especially George Bush Snr. in the late 1980's, and is a generic term used to refer to a worldwide conspiracy being orchestrated by an extremely powerful and influential group of genetically-related individuals (at least at the highest echelons) which include many of the world's wealthiest people, top political leaders, and corporate elite, as well as members of the so-called Black Nobility of Europe (dominated by the British Crown), The Jesuits, protected by the vast wealth of the Vatican and sovereign military order of Malta, whose goal is to create a One World (fascist) Government, stripped of nationalistic and regional boundaries, that is obedient to their agenda in all ways.
Shaping History
Most of the major wars, political upheavals, and economic depression/recessions of the past 100 years (and earlier) were carefully planned and instigated by the machinations of these elites. They include The Spanish-American War (1898), World War I and World War II; The Great Depression; the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917; the Rise of Nazi Germany; the Korean War; the Vietnam War; the 1989-91 "fall" of Soviet Communism; the 1991 Gulf War; the War in Kosovo; and the two Iraq wars. Even the French Revolution was orchestrated into existence by elements of the NWO.
The instigation of a trumped-up war as a cover for amassing fortunes can be dated back to at least the 12th Century when only a core group of nine members of the Knights Templar, the sovereign military order of Malta arm of a secret society protectors of the Jesuits, kicked off the The Crusades that lasted for over a century and a half. A rift later developed between the Templars and the Priory of Sion when Jerusalem was lost to Saracen Turks in 1187. In 1307, the king of France, Philippe the Fair, coveted the wealth and was jealous of the Templars' power. The French king, being a puppet of the Priory of Sion, set out to arrest all the Templars in France on October 13. While many Templars were seized and tortured, including their Grand Master, Jacques de Molay, many other Templars (who had been tipped off) escaped. They eventually resurfaced in Portugal, in Malta (as the Knights of Malta) and later in Scotland as The Scottish Rites of Freemasonry, with Albert Pike playing a key role in defining a plan for establishing a world government.
The acquisition and consolidation of ever greater wealth, natural resources, total political power, and control over others are the motivating forces which drive the decisions of the NWO leaders. The toll in human suffering and the loss of innocent lives are non issues for these individuals.
The road to the New world order
Ever since man or groups of humans had discovered their consciousness and mind, it wasn't long before some of them wanted to have control over others. Eventually after thousands of years of war, tyranny, discovery, knowledge and humans ability to adapt and then over come its environment. A small group of people wanted to control large areas, countries and eventually the world. Many have tried, The Turks, Romans, British, Nazi's, but all of these have been done through acts of war. So the controlling elite had to then hide beneath the shadows and under various societies, political groups, religious groups and corporations in order to attain the power they needed as well as not letting the public find out. Its taken almost 400 years or so but we are at a point now where everything is getting consolidated, the environment is now controlled or destroyed, all the top corporations and mainstream media outlets are controlled, there is a massive web of deceit and control and many organizations pulling the strings in the background that most people will not only see but will have never even heard of.
If you could split the world into 20 sections - 1) The EU which due to Brexit the EU is struggling to cope and could implode, 2) and 3) is The African and South American Unions going strong but still fragile, 4) The north American union with Trump in control and Brexit its not looking like its going to happen for many years 5) The Islamic or Arabian Union could be formed, but many wars and different religions and people 6) Austral-Asian Pacific Union is looking to be happening over the next few years as all the nations are cooperating and forming smaller unions in the area which will merge and go into one union 7) Russia and the State Union is separate and will not conform 8) China is separate and will not conform. 9) to 12) being the TTIP, SAARC, TPP and APEC are the areas of control of the sea, 13), 14) and 15) The internet/Media and technologies have all been controlled 16) The banks and financial 17) Religions 18) Politics and law - all controlled. 19) As for The food and agricultural supply, that's an ongoing battle 20) Orders, Garters, Royalty and societies
That means 13 out of 20 sections of the world are fully controlled stepping stones towards a new world order - 65%
The top 5 New world order videos to watch
1)Zeitgeist addendum
2)Collapse
3)Thrive
4)The empire of the city
5)Jesuit alternative media
Please have a read through all of the Cases below which feature on the New world order map above:
CASE 1, The European Union,
CASE 183, The North American Union,
CASE 218, The South American Union,
CASE 224, The African Union,
CASE 238, The Austral-Asian Pacific Union
CASE 235 - The Continental Superstates again, with updates, improvements and changes.
CASE 159 - Who controls the world...?
CASE 121 - The knights templar
CASE 107 - The Jesuits
CASE 106 - The Sovereign Military Order of Malta
CASE 061 - The world bank & The International Monetary Fund
CASE 041 - The Fabien society
CASE 025 - The bilderberg group
CASE 013 - The United nations
CASE 012 - THE EMPIRE OF "THE CITY"
CASE 079 - council on foreign relations
CASE 077 - Club of rome
CASE 096 - The illuminati
CASE 070 - The new world order
CASE 068 - Royal institute of international affairs
CASE 125 - The Commonwealth of Nations
CASE 130 - The MOSSAD
CASE 201 - US intelligence angencies
CASE 210 - Central banks
CASE 219 - The Bank for International Settlements
CASE 222 - World Trade organization
CASE 277 - Federal reserve
CASE 352 - World petroleum council
CASE 354 - World currency
CASE 357 - Union state
CASE 358 - One world government
CASE 373 - NATO vs SCO
CASE 404 - The vatican
CASE 446 - TTIP, TPP, APEC & SAARC
CASE 447 - The CIA
CASE 449 - British intelligence and secret services
CASE 457 - The news, news papers and mainstream media
Mainstream media (MSM) is a term and abbreviation used to refer collectively to the various large mass news media that influence a large number of people, and both reflect and shape prevailing currents of thought. The term is used to contrast with alternative media which may contain content with more dissenting thought as they do not reflect prevailing opinion.Over time the amount of media merging has increased and the amount of media outlets have increased. That translates to fewer companies owning more media outlets, increasing the concentration of ownership. In 1983, 90% of US media was controlled by fifty companies; today, 90% is controlled by just six companies and there is usually only a few different opinions and philisophies in the newspapers and mainstream media i.e one area is the Tabloid newspapers which prefer to concentrate on nationalistic views, over the top fear and hate and miss information, 1 example is the express newspaper has put messages that many muslims in the UK are or could be linked to religious fundamentalism or terrorism. Then you have the more conservative view, fear of anything that goes outside the normal accepted way of thinking, such as the daily mail or standard or even the BBC. You then have independent newspapers that still have "their" views and ways of expressing the knowledge they want to show but its a more fair and unbiased view such as the independent or Guardian
The executives, the editors in print media, the senior producers, executive producers in the visual media – these are the people who have the ideological bias and what’s probably almost as important – their personal friendships. They go to the same country clubs, they go to the same dinners, they socialize with a lot of the people that they cover.The mainstream news media, while Americans rely on it daily for the latest reports on world and domestic events, a recent study conducted by the Cronkite School of Journalism indicates that nearly 67% of Americans don’t trust major media for accurate reporting. Ask Americans specifically why they distrust the media and the answers are generally vague. After all, reports of news media abuses aren’t normally found on the front page or the nightly news. Nonetheless, they do exist. Today, standards in mainstream news reporting had more to do with career enhancement than reporting the truth.
The debate about post-fact politics misses the point. The Brexit and Trump campaigns deliberately exploited the crisis of journalism and the rise of social media. We are witnessing the birth of robopolitics: the mechanised reproduction of campaign messages by campaign machines that bypass normal journalistic verification. Internet campaigning is smart. Why waste money spraying your message all over the country in the hope that it somehow splashes those that will count? The superior targeting of social media campaigns is why the UK ad revenue of Google and Facebook now exceeds that of all newspapers in the country combined. It is also why all the main campaigns – but particularly the pro-Brexit campaign – embraced social media. Another development is targeting and message selection. Politicians have always followed the maxim “know your audience”, and adjusted their talks for whomever was present, but a messaging machine driven by ever more finely grained knowledge of the audience tunes “dog-whistle” politics to new heights. Each of the Brexit campaigns employed message-targeting to ensure effectiveness. The ground war in the campaign was in many ways a battle of the databases.
The future of the news and the mainstream media
The communication landscape is one of constant change. To be an influencer in the industry, companies have to embrace a culture of innovation and change. The truth is that communications has changed more in the past five years than it has in the past 100. And it will change more in the next year than the last five. The question we each need to ask is how are we evolving as communicators to meet these rapid changes?
The internet era has not been kind to newspaper publishers. It has almost killed classified advertising, accelerated a decline in circulation and directed eyeballs towards a seemingly infinite supply of blogs, videos and websites but after more than a decade of struggling to keep up with disruptive technology, a glimmer of hope has brightened the pervading gloom in the industry. And with that hope comes the very source of so many of its woes: Silicon Valley. Apple and Facebook have announced news services that could potentially create an important revenue stream for publishers, broaden their readership and — eventually — offer them a direct path to paying subscribers.
Facebook has enlisted nine publishers for its Instant Articles services, which has already launched in limited form in the US with content from BuzzFeed, The Atlantic and The New York Times. (It plans to start the service in Europe soon.) Apple, meanwhile, has signed up dozens of publishers for Apple News — a Flipboard-style app which launches in the autumn — including The New York Times, The Guardian, The Economist and the Financial Times. Given the industry’s bruising experiences, it is perhaps natural that publishers have greeted the new services with a mixture of fear and optimism. Mark Thompson, chief executive of The New York Times, points to the benefits of being able to provide its news content to a vast new audience. “We’re talking about an opportunity to distribute your content at no charge at all to well over 1bn people,” he says. “[Facebook] has a larger population than the People’s Republic of China.” Driving Facebook and Apple’s interest in news “is the arrival of the smartphone as the primary access point for many readers”, he says. A publisher who has had negotiations with both companies puts it differently. Facebook and Apple have “finally woken up to the fact that news has value on mobile”.
Publishing boost
Two of the world’s biggest technology companies identifying value in a sector written off by many other investors would normally be cause for celebration in an industry that has lately not had much to cheer about. In the US, combined newspaper advertising revenues from print and digital sources tumbled from close to $50bn in 2005 to $20bn last year, according to the Pew Research Center. In that period, digital advertising revenues on newspaper websites increased from $2bn to just $3.5bn.
Understanding modern communications
Today’s news stories are no longer text only. Today’s news stories are visual, personalized, snackable and sharable. They are long form and they are short form. They can be consumed in an office, or while at a ball game. They are available on demand and easily available in search. They are interactive and global. They are designed to provide the reader with the format of news the reader prefers. Today’s news is customized by user consumption preference.
How the news distorts our world view
https://www.ted.com/talks/alisa_miller_shares_the_news_about_the_news
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, after Mercury. Named after the Roman god of war, it is often referred to as the "Red Planet" because the iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, having surface features reminiscent both of the impact craters of the Moon and the valleys, deserts, and polar ice caps of Earth. The rotational period and seasonal cycles of Mars are likewise similar to those of Earth, as is the tilt that produces the seasons. Mars is the site of Olympus Mons, the largest volcano and second-highest known mountain in the Solar System, and of Valles Marineris, one of the largest canyons in the Solar System. The smooth Borealis basin in the northern hemisphere covers 40% of the planet and may be a giant impact feature. Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are small and irregularly shaped. These may be captured asteroids, similar to 5261 Eureka, a Mars trojan.
There are ongoing investigations assessing the past habitability potential of Mars, as well as the possibility of extant life. Future astrobiology missions are planned, including the Mars 2020 and ExoMars rovers. Liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars due to low atmospheric pressure, which is about 6⁄1000 that of the Earth's, except at the lowest elevations for short periods. The two polar ice caps appear to be made largely of water. The volume of water ice in the south polar ice cap, if melted, would be sufficient to cover the entire planetary surface to a depth of 11 meters (36 ft). On November 22, 2016, NASA reported finding a large amount of underground ice in the Utopia Planitia region of Mars. The volume of water detected has been estimated to be equivalent to the volume of water in Lake Superior.
Mars can easily be seen from Earth with the naked eye on certain evenings, as can its reddish coloring. Its apparent magnitude reaches −2.91, which is surpassed only by Jupiter, Venus, the Moon, and the Sun. Optical ground-based telescopes are typically limited to resolving features about 300 kilometers (190 mi) across when Earth and Mars are closest because of Earth's atmosphere. Using information about Mars' mass, size and the structure of its gravity field, scientists have determined the different densities of Mars' interior structure. Mars' core has twice the concentration of lighter elements than the Earth, and is probably made from iron, nickel and sulphur (a lighter element) and is partially fluid. The mantle and crust are both made from silica rich rocks. Mars crust is much thicker than Earth, between 50 - 125 km deep (compared to Earth's average of 40 km.
Elon Musk plans to get 1 million people to Mars. At a conference in Mexico today (Sept. 27), the SpaceX founder and CEO unveiled the company's Interplanetary Transport System (ITS), which will combine the most powerful rocket ever built with a spaceship designed to carry at least 100 people to the Red Planet per flight. If all goes according to plan, the reusable ITS will help humanity establish a permanent, self-sustaining colony on the Red Planet within the next 50 to 100 years, Musk said at the International Astronautical Congress in Guadalajara.
"What I really want to do here is to make Mars seem possible — make it seem as though it's something that we could do in our lifetimes, and that you can go, but living there is the easy part<" he said.
Elon musk / CEO and founder of Tesla motors and SpaceX
There would still be many questions that would need asking and situations would need resolving before we even stepped foot on mars, such as temperature day/night, time and timezones, resources humans need to live and build such as water, food, metals.
The possibility of life on Mars is a subject of significant interest to astrobiology due to the planet's proximity and similarities to Earth. To date no proof has been found of past or present life on Mars. However, cumulative evidence is now building that the ancient surface environment of Mars had liquid water and may have been habitable for microorganisms. The existence of habitable conditions does not necessarily indicate the presence of life. Scientific searches for evidence of life began in the 19th century, and they continue today via telescopic investigations and landed missions. While early work focused on phenomenology and bordered on fantasy, modern scientific inquiry has emphasized the search for water, chemical biosignatures in the soil and rocks at the planet's surface, and biomarker gases in the atmosphere. On November 22, 2016, NASA reported finding a large amount of underground ice in the Utopia Planitia region of Mars. The volume of water detected has been estimated to be equivalent to the volume of water in Lake Superior. Mars is of particular interest for the study of the origins of life because of its similarity to the early Earth. This is especially so since Mars has a cold climate, and lacks plate tectonics or continental drift, so it has remained almost unchanged since the end of the Hesperian period. At least two thirds of Mars's surface is more than 3.5 billion years old, and Mars may thus hold the best record of the prebiotic conditions leading to abiogenesis, even if life does not or has never existed there.
On January 24, 2014, NASA reported that the Curiosity and Opportunity rovers started searching for evidence of past life, including a biosphere based on autotrophic, chemotrophic, or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, as well as ancient water, including fluvio-lacustrine environments (plains related to ancient rivers or lakes) that may have been habitable. The search for evidence of habitability, taphonomy (related to fossils), and organic carbon on the planet Mars is now a primary NASA objective.
For much of the early history of the Spanish empire it is Asunción, rather than Buenos Aires, which is the colonial centre for the entire region south of Brazil. The first settlement at Buenos Aires is established in 1536. In 1537 colonists construct a stockade fort hundreds of miles up the Paraná and Paraguay rivers. Completing their work on Assumption Day, they call the place Asunción. In 1541 Buenos Aires succumbs to attacks from Indian tribes. The settlers at the mouth of the great river system abandon the site and escape upstream to Asunción. Almost forty years pass before colonists from Asunción return to the site of Buenos Aires and re-establish the town. Asunción has many advantages. Its longer continuous existence makes it the traditional centre of Spanish rule in the region. Economically it enjoys a commanding position in the interior, on the route leading up through the Andes into Peru. Yet it is also accessible by river from the Atlantic for ships drawing anything up to nine feet. This city becomes the starting point for Jesuit missionaries, as they press further into the interior to establish the famous reducciones of Paraguay. And it is subsequently the centre of growing colonial hostility to the missionaries, when their settlements become powerful - resulting eventually in armed raids on the missions and the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767. A severe blow is struck to the pride of Asunción when its offspring city, Buenos Aires, is made in 1776 the capital of the new viceroyalty of La Plata. Resentment of the pretensions of the new capital is no doubt part of the reason why the citizens of Asunción refuse to join Buenos Aires in 1810 in its declaration of independence from Spain. An attempt at coercion by an Argentinian army under Manuel Belgrano only stiffens their resolve. However the Spanish governor of the province achieves what Belgrano cannot, when he enlists Portuguese help from Brazil against the Argentinians. This is too much for Asunción. In 1811 the colonists throw out the governor and declare their own independence as the republic of Paraguay.
A time of three caudíllos: 1814-1870
After a brief period of anarchy, the first of Paraguay's long series of caudíllos emerges. José Gaspar Rodríguez Francia is elected dictator in 1814 and three years later secures the office for life. Using his unlimited powers, he adopts a rigidly isolationist policy - treating Paraguay almost like a political microcosm, with himself playing the role of an 18th-century enlightened despot. He allows no contact or commerce with other nations, but within Paraguay he actively encourages agricultural and industrial improvements to make his isolated realm economically self-sufficient. An efficient army is built up to safeguard the frontiers. Though verging on madness, Francia's measures reflect to some extent the special nature of Paraguay. Ethnically it is a more homogeneous community than others in south America. The Spanish have always been a small minority here among the Guarani Indians, and from the start a mixing of the races is accepted as normal. By the 19th century nearly all Paraguayans are mestizos. After his death in 1840 there is a brief interim before a new dictator is securely established. Carlos Antonio López, coming to power in 1844, ends Francia's policy of isolationism but continues to strengthen the nation by promoting industry, building railways and providing the army with modern equipment and fortifications. The same programme is continued by Francisco Solano López, who seizes power on his father's death in 1862. He gives Paraguay a telegraph network, but his main passion is the army. He builds it up to a regular force of 60,000 men and he imports German officers to train them. But the possession of this strength tempts López into an adventure which is a disaster for Paraguay. Flexing his muscles, López picks a quarrel in 1864 with Brazil. The pretext is Brazilian intervention in a civil war in Uruguay. In response López marches north to capture the Brazilian town of Corumbá. Then, when refused permission to cross Argentinian territory for an invasion into southern Brazil, he responds by attacking the Argentinian town of Corrientes in April 1865. Amazingly López holds out against his powerful coalition of enemies for five years during the Civil war, but this is a terrible time for Paraguay. López's control becomes more tyrannical (in 1868 he executes several hundred citizens accused of joining in a plot against him) and the casualties of the war itself are appalling. As many as 300,000 people, rather more than half the population of the country, are calculated to have died during the five years of the conflict. Asunción is captured by the allies in 1869. López continues a guerrilla campaign until he is caught and shot by Brazilian troops in 1870. In the aftermath of the war Brazil and Argentina annexe large sections of Paraguay. Together they occupy the rest of the country until 1876.
Liberales and Colorados: 1870-1932
After the death of López in 1870 Paraguay acquires a constitution which remains, technically, the basis of political life in the nation until 1940. With the emergence of an electoral system, two parties are formed - the Liberales and the Colorados, reflecting the standard Liberal and conservative clash prevailing elsewhere at the time. In practice power rarely changes hands through the ballot box. Successive regimes result more often from coups and military intervention. Paraguay remains inward-loooking, concerned with its own tumultuous affairs. Not until the 1930s does the republic again become involved in a major international conflict. The issue is rivalry with neighbouring Bolivia over the Chaco region.
Please take a look at this webpage, it has every genre of music ever created from start to finish
http://everynoise.com/engenremap.html
!900's to 1950
1880s-1890s phonograph (thank you, Edison!) starts growing in popularity; Louis Glass installs the first coin-operated one; predecessor to jukebox
sheet music becoming less expensive; booming sales of Scott Joplin's "Maple Leaf Rag"; ragtime flourishes in Storyville, LA (written in 2/4 + trio section; not improvised like jazz) 1900-1910s 1900: "His Master's Voice" est. by E.R. Johnson; cylinder phonograph co. // beginnings of vaudeville musical theatre // Symphony Hall built in Boston, MA
1902: Ferdinand Joseph "Jelly Roll" Norton (17) started playing in New Orleans; "father of the jazz piano" // Claude Debussy introduces impressionism to music through his opera, "Pelléas and Mélisande" in Paris // pianola released by the Aeolian Co.
1903: "Walker and Williams in Dahomey" becomes first African-American Broadway production // Wilbur Sweatman records "Maple Leaf Rag"
1905: Harvard U grants first PhD in Music
1906: victrola gramophone introduced by Victor Talking Machine Co.; wildly popular 'til 1920s The Roaring Twenties aftermath of WWI; rising popularity in musical culture/Broadway // increased fascination with notion of modernity & breaking from "old" traditions // Chicago becomes jazz capital
Golden Age of radio; mass broadcasting; record companies in decline
Harlem Renaissance + the age of jazz: Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, King Oliver 1900-1910s 1907: Florenz Ziegfield launches "Ziegfield Follies," setting standard for Broadway shows ("current topics, comic routines...the ever-present gorgeous girls")
1909: gvt. passes Copyright Act, "to secure royalties for composers on the sale of recordings and public performances" // first usage of "jazz" in newspaper
1911: creation of the "barbershop quartet"
1913: Apollo Theatre opens in NY
1915: Jelly Roll Morton creates "Jelly Roll Blues," becomes known as the first jazz composer
1916: "When the Saints Go Marching In" published in a Baptist hymnal
1919: Prohibition takes a stand; may have helped further the development/refinement of jazz music 1930s-1940s Swing/Crooner era: Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Benny Goodman
jazz still in full "swing," notable female artists: Ella Fitzgerald + Billie Holiday
rise of country/"hillbilly" music: Roy Rogers; became integrated into films // honky-tonk: fused Western swing + blues; melancholy themes 1950s classic pop: Patti Page ("Tennessee Waltz," "[How Much Is That] Doggie in the Window?")
1950: Little Richard dominated music scene with introduction of R&B ("Tutti Frutti," "Long Tall Sally"
latter 1950s: Rock'n'Roll; namely, Elvis Presley, Pat Boone (first teen idol) Bibliography
"Jazz Culture: The 1920s." American Jazz Culture in the 1920s. University of Minnesota Duluth , n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013.
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"Musical Trends of the 1930s and 1940s."Music in 1930s and 1940s America. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. .
"The History of Recorded Music." Music CD Industry. IFPI, n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. .
Estrella, Espie. "Music of the 20th Century - 1900 to 1960." Music Education. About.com, n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. .
Scaruffi, Piero . " A History of the Musical." History of Popular Music. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. .
""Jelly Roll" Morton." Southern Music Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. .
Case 453 - The evolution of human intelligence and consciousness
Human intelligence
The evolution of human intelligence is closely tied to the evolution of the human brain and to the origin of language. The timeline of human evolution spans approximately 7 million years from the separation of the Pan genus until the emergence of behavioral modernity by 50,000 years ago. The first 3 million years of this timeline concern Sahelanthropus, the following 2 million concern Australopithecus and the final 2 million span the history of actual human genus in the Paleolithic era. Many traits of human intelligence, such as empathy, theory of mind, mourning, ritual, and the use of symbols and tools, are apparent in great apes although in less sophisticated forms than found in humans, such as great ape language. A 2008 study argues that human cleverness is simply selected within the context of sexual selection as an honest signal of genetic resistance against parasites and pathogens. The number of people with severe cognitive impairment caused by childhood viral infections like meningitis, protists like Toxoplasma and Plasmodium, and animal parasites like intestinal worms and schistosomes is estimated to be in the hundreds of millions. Even more people live with moderate mental damages, such as inability to complete difficult tasks, that are not classified as ‘diseases’ by medical standards, may still be considered as inferior mates by potential sexual partners. Thus, widespread, virulent, and archaic infections are greatly involved in natural selection for cognitive abilities. People infected with parasites may have brain damage and obvious maladaptive behavior in addition to visible signs of disease. Smarter people can more skillfully learn to distinguish safe non-polluted water and food from unsafe kinds and learn to distinguish mosquito infested areas from safe areas. Smarter people can more skillfully find and develop safe food sources and living environments. Given this situation, preference for smarter child-bearing/rearing partners increases the chance that their descendants will inherit the best resistance alleles, not only for immune system resistance to disease, but also smarter brains for learning skills in avoiding disease and selecting nutritious food. When people search for mates based on their success, wealth, reputation, disease-free body appearance, or psychological traits such as benevolence or confidence; the effect is to select for superior intelligence that results in superior disease resistance.
Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans. The topic typically focuses on the evolutionary history of the primates—in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominids (or great apes) rather than studying the earlier history that led to the primates. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, paleontology, neurobiology, ethology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics. Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago. Within the Hominoidea (apes) superfamily, the Hominidae family diverged from the Hylobatidae (gibbon) family some 15–20 million years ago; African great apes (subfamily Homininae) diverged from orangutans (Ponginae) about 14 million years ago; the Hominini tribe (humans, Australopithecines and other extinct biped genera, and chimpanzees) parted from the Gorillini tribe (gorillas) between 9 million years ago and 8 million years ago; and, in turn, the subtribes Hominina (humans and biped ancestors) and Panina (chimps) separated about 7.5 million years ago to 5.6 million years ago.
The basic adaptation of the hominin line is bipedalism. The earliest bipedal hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin; alternatively, either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may instead be the last shared ancestor between chimps and humans. Ardipithecus, a full biped, arose somewhat later, and the early bipeds eventually evolved into the australopithecines, and later into the genus Homo.
The earliest documented representative of the genus Homo is Homo habilis, which evolved around 2.8 million years ago, and is arguably the earliest species for which there is positive evidence of the use of stone tools. The brains of these early hominins were about the same size as that of a chimpanzee, although it has been suggested that this was the time in which the human SRGAP2 gene doubled, producing a more rapid wiring of the frontal cortex. During the next million years a process of rapid encephalization occurred, and with the arrival of Homo erectus and Homo ergaster in the fossil record, cranial capacity had doubled to 850 cm3. (Such an increase in human brain size is equivalent to each generation having 125,000 more neurons than their parents.) It is believed that Homo erectus and Homo ergaster were the first to use fire and complex tools, and were the first of the hominin line to leave Africa, spreading throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe between 1.3 to 1.8 million years ago.
According to the recent African origin of modern humans theory, modern humans evolved in Africa possibly from Homo heidelbergensis, Homo rhodesiensis or Homo antecessor and migrated out of the continent some 50,000 to 100,000 years ago, gradually replacing local populations of Homo erectus, Denisova hominins, Homo floresiensis and Homo neanderthalensis. Archaic Homo sapiens, the forerunner of anatomically modern humans, evolved in the Middle Paleolithic between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. Recent DNA evidence suggests that several haplotypes of Neanderthal origin are present among all non-African populations, and Neanderthals and other hominins, such as Denisovans, may have contributed up to 6% of their genome to present-day humans, suggestive of a limited inter-breeding between these species. The transition to behavioral modernity with the development of symbolic culture, language, and specialized lithic technology happened around 50,000 years ago according to some anthropologists although others point to evidence that suggests that a gradual change in behavior took place over a longer time span.
Human consciousness
Humans are born with a rudimentary consciousness that matures with age. The baseline for what most humans consider consciousness includes the ability to think abstractly in words and form strong memories. Humans begin to think in words and abstract concepts around age 3, and are forming strong memories by that time. Somewhere between age 2 and 3 humans start using words to form logical connections, this is where the fundamentals of adult human consciousness begin.
All in the Mind
The key to this alternative view is the fact that all our experiences—all our perceptions, sensations, dreams, thoughts and feelings—are forms appearing in consciousness. It doesn't always seem that way. When I see a tree it seems as if I am seeing the tree directly. But science tells us something completely different is happening. Light entering the eye triggers chemical reactions in the retina, these produce electro-chemical impulses which travel along nerve fibers to the brain. The brain analyses the data it receives, and then creates its own picture of what is out there. I then have the experience of seeing a tree. But what I am actually experiencing is not the tree itself, only the image that appears in the mind. This is true of everything I experience. Everything we know, perceive, and imagine, every color, sound, sensation, every thought and every feeling, is a form appearing in the mind. It is all an in-forming of consciousness.
The idea that we never experience the physical world directly has intrigued many philosophers. Most notable was the eighteenth-century German philosopher Immanual Kant, who drew a clear distinction between the form appearing in the mind—what he called the phenomenon (a Greek word meaning "that which appears to be")—and the world that gives rise to this perception, which he called the noumenon (meaning “that which is apprehended"). All we know, Kant insisted, is the phenomenon. The noumenon, the “thing-in-itself,” remains forever beyond our knowing.
The leading flat-earther theory holds that Earth is a disc with the Arctic Circle in the center and Antarctica, a 150-foot-tall wall of ice, around the rim. NASA employees, they say guard this ice wall to prevent people from climbing over and falling off the disc which also is the only thing in the universe, Everything else revolves around the earth or was created as props and to keep the humans believing the round earth theory, gravity is a lie and doesnt exist. The belief that the Earth is flat has been described as the ultimate conspiracy theory and humans are not told, over 5 million scientists who understand how the universe works down to the smallest molecule must be either lying and keeping it from the rest of us or they have been brainwashed by the science community to believe the round earth theory like the rest of us. All of this came from the KGB's operation infection in the early 1990's via means of broadcasting shows, documentaries and information across Yugoslavia and the Soviet bloc states on late night shows, as well as publishing articles . According to the Flat Earth Society's leadership, its ranks have grown by 200 people (mostly Americans and Britons) per year since 2009. Judging by the exhaustive effort flat-earthers have invested in fleshing out the theory on their website, as well as the staunch defenses of their views they offer in media interviews and on Twitter, it would seem that these people genuinely believe the Earth is flat. Anyone who opposes their views and beliefs are deemed a troll, brainwashed by the illuminati or a "NASA agent" and usually deleted or banned from certain boards and web pages, you can't have a debate of any kind including a scientific debate, its very similar to the religious and atheist views that god does or doesn't exist, an endless battle but only difference is no one can really show proof either way of that debate. Whereas there is 100's if not 1000's of ways to prove the earth is a sphere and not flat. Its simply going to be a case of in 10 to 20 years or so when 'space tourism' and 'mineral mining' is a thing, people actually traveling from earth to the moon, mars and asteroids to mine certain minerals will the flat earth theory believers still be around or still refuse to. Ive watched, read and studied every aspect of the flat earth theory and its culture for 15 years, supposedly these people are "awake" and not sheep, but a lot of these people are taking false information, conspiracy psy-ops, sometimes satire as gospel truth, and I can grasp that the people at the top have taken wrong, unfinished theories such as the theory of relativity as a base, then portrayed their ideas, beliefs and theories around this without even understanding basic principles of science, which has created a spiral Chinese whispers effect and all sorts of outlandish, completely wrong and fake information is circulating through this culture like wildfire and I know now and in the future, this is always going to be used as a way to instantly divide a certain community or an opposition foundation or protest group.
The phenominom that is Gravity or gravitational electromagnetism
Gravity is an emergent entropic phenomenon connected to dark matter and dark energy in all the universe that arises from the entropy of the universe which is the properties of thermodynamics or the unusable part of the system, in other words gravity is a side effect or an illusion not the cause, in our case its not the result of the earths electromagnetic centre pulling us towards it. The quantum particles and their associated forces are emergent properties of the dimensional architecture of spacetime, and so is gravity while being neither particle nor a force and non existent in a levitating electromagnetic field such as ours. Both the Coriolis force and centrifugal force forces are proportional to the mass of the object but plays a huge part in certain aspec†s. The Coriolis force is proportional to the rotation rate and the centrifugal force is proportional to the square of the rotation rate. The Coriolis force acts in a direction perpendicular to the rotation axis and to the velocity of the body in the rotating frame and is proportional to the object's speed in the rotating frame. The centrifugal force acts outwards in the radial direction and is proportional to the distance of the body from the axis of the rotating frame. They are correction factors that do not exist in a non-accelerating or inertial reference frame.
The video below is a fantastic breakdown of every part of the theory the flat earthers believe, by Armoured Skeptic, if your still not 100% sure check it out its very good.
You Don’t Weigh Less at the Horizon
While flat-earthers will contend that there is no such thing as gravity, this force unites the entire universe. It’s everything from what makes the numbers jump on a bathroom scale to the reason why planets and stars form. It uniformly pulls everyone on the surface of Earth toward our planet’s center of mass (roughly the exact center). That’s why you’ll weigh the same in Los Angeles as you will in Jakarta.
If the Earth was flat, gravity would no longer pull everyone the same way. If the flat Earth would be something like a disk, those at the edge of the disk would be pulled relatively sideways, while those at the center of the plate would be pulled straight down. The difference would change your weight enough to confuse a bathroom scale. Considering that humans have been to every landmass on Earth without celebrating sudden lightness, we can rule out a flat planet.
You Don’t Fall Off The Planet
Where is the edge of the world according to flat-earthers? The answer changes, but it usually involves some impenetrable barrier at said edge that prevents people from going past or falling off. Global conspiracies apparently prevent people from investigating these boundaries. The reason we dont fall of the bottom of the earth is because gravity is a result of earth, it doesn't work independent of the earth. Flat earthers understand that gravity works in one direction and that is down, but this is not true it works in the direction of the center of the earth depending on which part of the huge planet we are on.
Timezones Exist
To make the seasons work with a flat Earth, advocates claim that the Sun orbits in a circle above our disk, like a tetherball on an invisible string. But timezones exist. I have spoke to friends in New zealand, Australia and totally different time zones and its dark where they are (nighttime) and its bright sunshie (day) where I am
A flat Earth can’t account for how some parts of the planet are provably in darkness while other parts are bathed in light.
The Rest of the Solar System
Like how we’ve seen the Earth from many angles and found it round, we’ve sent cameras to the rest of the planets in our solar system and snapped photos of them from many angles too. They all appear to be spheres. That makes sense if gravity is the main force in the universe pulling cosmic gas and dust and rock together to form planets and the flat earth community has even stated that mars is round and other planets are observed as round, but why not the earth. The chances that the Earth is the only planet in the solar system that is non-spherical, yet subject to the same forces as other planets, are zero. It just wouldnt survive the framework of spacetime, volatility of space and hundreds of other factors, forces and conservation laws if the earth was flat.
Eclipses Show You Earth’s Shape
Have you ever seen a lunar eclipse? It’s when the Earth passes in between the Sun and our moon and casts a shadow over the lunar surface. If you look closely, you can pick out a slight curvature. Curvature is possible with a flat disk, but even flat-earthers admit that the Earth spins. If the Earth were flat, there would be some people that occasionally see a straight line projected on the moon (the edge of a disk). That hasn’t happened since humans looked up, so a sphere is the logical shape to assume.
A few things you can do at home or around the globe
Put water on a globe in your house and spin - (Curvature formula - Gravitational vectors)
Flat earthers will say, If earth was a globe why does the water not run off into space.?
On Earth, the emergant gravity vector is towards the center everywhere, whereas for a globe in your house the gravity vector is towards the floor of your house. Poor example
Put a drop of water on a penny - (Water retention - energy conservation)
Flat earthers will say If water always finds a level in a glass, pool or lake, how is earth curved and holding it all.?
Water naturally flows into what space it has that’s closest to that center of gravity, which means that the surface of the pool is going to be equidistant to that center. Wheres the huge bulge in the sea on a flat earth..?
Look up at the suns rays or look down a train line - (3 dimensional perspectives)
Flat earthers have shown many examples of clouds behind the sun on photos. how can there be clouds behind or the sun appear to converge just behind the clouds..?
The sun is 93 million miles away, all the rays are a parellel angle and appear to converge due to perspective effects
Look at the fish swimming in the sea - (Mass density and buoyancy)
flat earthers will say If gravity is pulling the water to the center of the earth, how do fish swim in it..?
Fish have a destiny identical to the surrounding water, same way our dense mass holds us to the earth
Look at the ships, bridges or structures or horizons around you
Many examples of either fake, pointless experiments like the bedford levels have been used, but since the p900 as 1 example of camera's and the technology available in the last 5 years has blown flat earthers off the globe
Below is a 'real' photo of Lake pontchartrain transmission lines, ive seen on flat earth websites deemed as photoshoped, fakes. So below that is 1 of the 100's of amateur videos
Hungarians were nomadic people and are believed to have moved to the Carpathian basin from the East, somewhere around the Ural Mountains. Under the leadership of Árpád, the Hungarians took over the land around 895.
In 1000, King Stephen I (St. Stephen) founded the state of Hungary, and accepted the Catholic religion as standard. Stephen was crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary and blessed by the Pope. The crown is now displayed in the Parliament building.In 1241-1242 the invasion of the Mongols caused serious destruction in the country, and half of the population were killed or deported as slaves (1 million people). After the invasion King Béla ordered the construction of a system of strong stone castles to defend the country from further attacks. The second Mongolian strike was stopped at Pest by the royal army thanks to these castles.
After a Turkish conquering army defeated the Hungarian royal army at Mohács in 1526, the country split into three parts around 1541; the Hungarian Kingdom, the Habsburg dominion and the Turkish dominion. It took 150 years before the Hungarians could stand up to this situation, reunite and drive out the Turks. After the Turkish domination, the country became part of the Habsburg dominion, but under the leadership of Ferenc Rákóczi II. Hungarians partly took back their independence, and signed the treaty of peace at Szatmár in 1711.
In the 19th century very important reforms were made. Hungarian became the official language of the country, and the language was renewed and elected to a literary level.
In 1848 there were independence revolutions in Europe, as well as in Hungary. The Magyars tried to remove the boundaries of the Habsburg dominion. After the suppression of the revolution, the silent resistance made the nation stronger than ever before. In 1867, a Hungarian delegation, led by Ferenc Deák finally came to an agreement with the Habsburgs and so the dualistic system of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy was born and peace descended across the land.
In World War I Hungary was ally to Germany and Austria and had to send hundreds of thousands of troops to die for foreign interests. In 1918 the Monarchy broke up, the first government was established and the country became the Republic of Hungary. After losing the war, the allied Atlantic countries overran Hungary and in accordance with the Treaty of Trianon, split up the country. The Hungary of more than 20 million became a small country of less than 8 million. Hungary was now in the shape we know today. World War II brought more tribulations to the people of Hungary. Fighting alongside the Germans against the Soviets, the Hungarian government eventually tried to change sides to the allied Atlantic countries. Possibly fearing the sudden exposure from the vulnerable flank of the Hungarian plains - perfect tank country- the Germans then overran Hungary near the end of the war and deposed the government to their nationalist allies. Hundreds of thousands died during the war or were deported to German concentration camps. After the Germans were beaten by the Allies, Soviets took over the country, drove out the Germans, and stayed for 44 years. In 1956 the people tried to force the leadership to stop this domination, and dictatorship by the soviets, but the attempt was unsuccessful and was punished unmercifully. However it did have some effect on the government and some concessions were made. The soviet domination lasted until 1989, when Hungary finally became an independent democracy.
In 1999 Hungary joined NATO, and in 2004 became a member of the European Union.
Founded in 1694, the Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom. Sometimes known as the ‘Old Lady’ of Threadneedle Street, the Bank’s mission is to promote the good of the people of the United Kingdom by maintaining monetary and financial stability.
What does the Bank of England do?
The Bank of England is the UK's central bank. We are owned by the Government but set monetary policy independently. Our mission is to deliver monetary and financial stability for the British people.
Main responsibilities are:
Issuing banknotes and managing the UK’s currency
Only the Bank of England can issue banknotes in England and Wales. Several banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland can also issue notes, and the Bank monitors this process.
Financial stability
The Bank of England also has responsibility for UK financial stability – in other words, making sure that the system runs smoothly and that people can trust financial institutions. The banks Financial Policy Committee (FPC) looks out for and works to remove or reduce risks and weaknesses in the UK financial system. The Bank’s Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) regulates and supervises roughly 1,700 banks, building societies, credit unions, insurers and investment firms to ensure that they are run safely.
Strategic Plan
In March 2014, they launched a three-year Strategic Plan to transform the way we work. The plan established a renewed mission for the Bank: ‘promoting the good of the people of the United Kingdom by maintaining monetary and financial stability’. At the heart of the Strategic Plan is a commitment to build One Bank, which recognises the importance of having responsibility for microprudential supervision, macroprudential policy and monetary policy within the same organisation. It means that the Bank is better placed to deliver key economic benefits: stable inflation, economic growth, and the continuous provision of financial services.
CASE 449 - British intelligence and secret services
The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6 (Military Intelligence, Section 6), is the British intelligence agency which supplies the British government with foreign intelligence. The SIS Chief is held accountable to the Foreign Secretary. SIS is bound by the Intelligence Services Act 1994. SIS is frequently referred to by the name MI6 (Military Intelligence, Section 6), a name used as a flag of convenience during the First World War when it was known by many names.[5] The existence of the SIS was not officially acknowledged until 1994. It forms a part of the UK's intelligence machinery alongside GCHQ, MI5 and Defence Intelligence.
In late 2010, the head of the SIS delivered what he said was the first public address by a serving chief of the agency in its then 101-year history. The remarks of Sir John Sawers primarily focused on the relationship between the need for secrecy and the goal of maintaining security within the UK. His remarks acknowledged the tensions caused by secrecy in an era of leaks and pressure for ever-greater disclosure.
Since 1995, the SIS headquarters have been at Vauxhall Cross on the South Bank of the River Thames.
The service derived from the Secret Service Bureau, which was founded in 1909. The Bureau was a joint initiative of the Admiralty and the War Office to control secret intelligence operations in the UK and overseas, particularly concentrating on the activities of the Imperial German government. The bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign espionage and internal counter-espionage activities, respectively. This specialisation was because the Admiralty wanted to know the maritime strength of the Imperial German Navy. This specialisation was formalised before 1914. During the First World War in 1916, the two sections underwent administrative changes so that the foreign section became the Directorate of Military Intelligence Section 6 (MI6), the name by which it is frequently known in popular culture today.
Its first director was Captain Sir George Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who often dropped the Smith in routine communication. He typically signed correspondence with his initial C in green ink. This usage evolved as a code name, and has been adhered to by all subsequent directors of SIS when signing documents to retain anonymity
Malta, officially known as the Republic of Malta is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. It lies 80 km (50 mi) south of Italy, 284 km (176 mi) east of Tunisia and 333 km (207 mi) north of Libya. The country covers just over 316 km2 (122 sq mi), with a population of just under 450,000,[3] making it one of the world's smallest and most densely populated countries. The capital of Malta is Valletta, which at 0.8 km2, is the smallest national capital in the European Union. Malta has two official languages: Maltese and English. Malta's location has historically given it great strategic importance as a naval base, and a succession of powers, including the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Moors, Normans, Sicilians, Spanish, Knights of St. John, Knights of Malta, French and British, have ruled the islands.
King George VI of the United Kingdom awarded the George Cross to Malta in 1942 for the country's bravery in the Second World War. The George Cross continues to appear on Malta's national flag. Under the Malta Independence Act, passed by the British Parliament in 1964, Malta gained independence from the United Kingdom as an independent sovereign Commonwealth realm, officially known from 1964 to 1974 as the State of Malta, with Elizabeth II as its head of state. The country became a republic in 1974, and although no longer a Commonwealth realm, remains a current member state of the Commonwealth of Nations. Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004; in 2008, it became part of the Eurozone.
Malta has a long Christian legacy and its Archdiocese of Malta is claimed to be an apostolic see because, according to tradition dating to around the 12th century, the Acts of the Apostles is interpreted by the faithful that St Paul was shipwrecked on Malta. Catholicism is the official religion in Malta.
The history of Malta is a long and colourful one dating back to the dawn of civilisation. The Maltese Islands went through a golden Neolithic period, the remains of which are the mysterious temples dedicated to the goddess of fertility. Later on, the Phoenicians, the Carthaginians, the Romans and the Byzantines, all left their traces on the Islands. In 60 A.D. St. Paul was shipwrecked on the island while on his way to Rome and brought Christianity to Malta. The Arabs conquered the islands in 870 A.D. and left an important mark on the language of the Maltese. Until 1530 Malta was an extension of Sicily: The Normans, the Aragonese and other conquerors who ruled over Sicily also governed the Maltese Islands. It was Charles V who bequeathed Malta to the Sovereign Military Order of St. John of Jerusalem who ruled over Malta from 1530 to 1798. The Knights took Malta through a new golden age, making it a key player in the cultural scene of 17th and 18th century Europe. The artistic and cultural lives of the Maltese Islands were injected with the presence of artists such as Caravaggio, Mattia Preti and Favray who were commissioned by the Knights to embellish churches, palaces and auberges.
In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte took over Malta from the Knights on his way to Egypt. The French presence on the islands was short lived, as the English, who were requested by the Maltese to help them against the French, blockaded the islands in 1800.
British rule in Malta lasted until 1964 when Malta became independent. The Maltese adapted the British system of administration, education and legislation.
Modern Malta became a Republic in 1974 and joined the European Union in May 2004.
Not to be mistaken with the:
(CASE 106 - The Sovereign Military Order of Malta)
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an independent federal agency responsible for providing national security intelligence to the United states policymakers. The foreign intelligence the CIA gathers is used to provide tactical and strategic advantages so as to preempt threats and further U.S. national security objectives. The covert activities and the objective analyses that result are used to keep the nation safe.
The CIA works as an advisory agency on matters related to foreign intelligence, and it conducts missions and other covert activities under the direction of the President. The Director of the CIA, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate, is responsible for managing the agency’s budget, operations, and personnel.
Although the CIA is operated as an independent federal agency, Congress and the executive branch oversee the activities and monitoring programs of the CIA.
The CIA works to:
Close intelligence gaps through enhanced foreign collection and analysis. Fulfill the global mission of providing national policymakers, including the President, with intelligence regarding issues that are most critical to the President and senior national security team members. Utilize technological advances as to ensure better performance in all mission areas, including collection, analysis, covert action, and counterintelligence.
The CIA has a way of very publicly blowing their cover—seeming to pop up wherever turmoil, strife, and political unrest materialize. Despite being almost synonymous with dirty tricks, the Agency has essentially been given free rein, permitted to use whatever tactics they see fit to deal with any (real or perceived) threat to American interests. If there’s one thing we know about absolute power, it’s that it corrupts absolutely; and if there’s one thing we know about the CIA, it’s that the astoundingly unethical, criminal projects and secret missions or involvements highlighted below are probably just the tip of the iceberg.
MK Ultra
MK Delta
Operation mongoose
Operation mockingbird
Operation paperclip
Muammar Al-Quaddafi
Operation Ajax
The JFK assasination
911
Isis, Al-qaeda and Osama Bin Laden
The TTIP, TPP, APEC & SAARC are all multilateral free-trade agreements, between several countries all treated equally. For agreements between two countries, between a bloc and a country, or between two blocs. Every customs union, common market, economic union, customs and monetary union and economic and monetary union is also a free-trade area. All are smaller groups of the world trade organisation.
The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) or Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA) is a trade ... and Investment Partnership (TTIP), a broadly similar agreement between the U.S. and the European Union.
The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is a trade agreement between the European Union and the United States, with the aim of promoting trade and multilateral economic growth. The American government considers the TTIP a companion agreement to the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).[1] The agreement is under ongoing negotiations and its main three broad areas are: market access; specific regulation; and broader rules and principles and modes of co-operation. The negotiations were planned to be finalized by the end of 2014, but will not be finished until 2018
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim member economies that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region. It was established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence of Asia-Pacific economies and the advent of regional trade blocs in other parts of the world; to defuse fears that highly industrialised Japan (a member of G8) would come to dominate economic activity in the Asia-Pacific region; and to establish new markets for agricultural products and raw materials beyond Europe
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of nations in South Asia. Its member states include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, the Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population and 9.12% of the global economy, as of 2015.
